美国就业市场可视化工具 – Andrej Karpathy
US Job Market Visualizer

原始链接: https://karpathy.ai/jobs/

这个交互式工具可视化了美国劳工统计局的就业市场数据,涵盖了3.42亿个工作岗位中的14300万个。可视化采用树状图,矩形大小表示就业人数,颜色代表可选择的指标,如预计增长、薪资、教育程度和人工智能暴露程度。 值得注意的是,该工具利用大型语言模型(LLM)来评估和对职业进行颜色编码,基于自定义提示——目前展示的是“数字人工智能暴露程度”。该暴露评分(0-10)估计了人工智能将如何重塑一个工作,同时考虑自动化和生产力影响,数字化的岗位将获得更高的评分。 重要的是,这些人工智能暴露评分是LLM的*估计值*,而非工作岗位的流失预测。高分表明存在重大变化的潜力,不一定意味着被取代,并且没有考虑到就业需求或监管等因素。用户可以通过每个职业方块中的链接直接探索劳工统计局的数据。

## 美国就业市场与人工智能:Hacker News 讨论 Andrej Karpathy 的新“美国就业市场可视化工具”引发了 Hacker News 的讨论,焦点集中在人工智能对就业的影响。一个关键主题是,那些对人工智能持有意识形态反对态度的人低估了它的潜力,而其他人则认为人工智能的进步是不可避免的,并将从根本上重塑就业格局。 许多评论员表示担忧,许多工作将变得在经济上无关紧要,并质疑当前的领导层是否理解即将到来的变化的规模。对于劳工统计局 (BLS) 数据的可靠性存在怀疑,因为该数据滞后于实时变化,并且历史预测不准确。 讨论还涉及人工智能生成盈余的分配,一些人认为它主要使富人受益。另一些人指出,失业工人有可能在幼儿教育等领域找到工作。人们对该工具依赖单个 LLM 提示进行分析表示担忧,以及基于此类数据做出错误决策的可能性。最终,这场对话凸显了人工智能在劳动力市场中的承诺和潜在颠覆性。
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原文

This is a research tool that visualizes 342 occupations from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, covering 143M jobs across the US economy. Each rectangle's area is proportional to total employment. Color shows the selected metric — toggle between BLS projected growth outlook, median pay, education requirements, and AI exposure. Click any tile to view its full BLS page. This is not a report, a paper, or a serious economic publication — it is a development tool for exploring BLS data visually.

LLM-powered coloring: The source code includes scrapers, parsers, and a pipeline for writing custom LLM prompts to score and color occupations by any criteria. You write a prompt, the LLM scores each occupation, and the treemap colors accordingly. The "Digital AI Exposure" option is one example — it estimates how much current AI (which is primarily digital) will reshape each occupation. But you could write a different prompt for any question — e.g. exposure to humanoid robotics, offshoring risk, climate impact — and re-run the pipeline to get a different coloring.

View the Digital AI Exposure scoring prompt (example)

You are an expert analyst evaluating how exposed different occupations are to AI. You will be given a detailed description of an occupation from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Rate the occupation's overall AI Exposure on a scale from 0 to 10. AI Exposure measures: how much will AI reshape this occupation? Consider both direct effects (AI automating tasks currently done by humans) and indirect effects (AI making each worker so productive that fewer are needed). A key signal is whether the job's work product is fundamentally digital. If the job can be done entirely from a home office on a computer — writing, coding, analyzing, communicating — then AI exposure is inherently high (7+), because AI capabilities in digital domains are advancing rapidly. Even if today's AI can't handle every aspect of such a job, the trajectory is steep and the ceiling is very high. Conversely, jobs requiring physical presence, manual skill, or real-time human interaction in the physical world have a natural barrier to AI exposure. Use these anchors to calibrate your score: - 0–1: Minimal exposure. The work is almost entirely physical, hands-on, or requires real-time human presence in unpredictable environments. AI has essentially no impact on daily work. Examples: roofer, landscaper, commercial diver. - 2–3: Low exposure. Mostly physical or interpersonal work. AI might help with minor peripheral tasks (scheduling, paperwork) but doesn't touch the core job. Examples: electrician, plumber, firefighter, dental hygienist. - 4–5: Moderate exposure. A mix of physical/interpersonal work and knowledge work. AI can meaningfully assist with the information-processing parts but a substantial share of the job still requires human presence. Examples: registered nurse, police officer, veterinarian. - 6–7: High exposure. Predominantly knowledge work with some need for human judgment, relationships, or physical presence. AI tools are already useful and workers using AI may be substantially more productive. Examples: teacher, manager, accountant, journalist. - 8–9: Very high exposure. The job is almost entirely done on a computer. All core tasks — writing, coding, analyzing, designing, communicating — are in domains where AI is rapidly improving. The occupation faces major restructuring. Examples: software developer, graphic designer, translator, data analyst, paralegal, copywriter. - 10: Maximum exposure. Routine information processing, fully digital, with no physical component. AI can already do most of it today. Examples: data entry clerk, telemarketer. Respond with ONLY a JSON object in this exact format, no other text: {"exposure": <0-10>, "rationale": "<2-3 sentences explaining the key factors>"}

Caveat on Digital AI Exposure scores: These are rough LLM estimates, not rigorous predictions. A high score does not predict the job will disappear. Software developers score 9/10 because AI is transforming their work — but demand for software could easily grow as each developer becomes more productive. The score does not account for demand elasticity, latent demand, regulatory barriers, or social preferences for human workers. Many high-exposure jobs will be reshaped, not replaced.

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