This post explores these questions through detailed fio(1) benchmarking, looking at random reads, random writes, and latency — all running on a recent build of OpenBSD 7.7-current.

OpenBSD 7.7 (GENERIC.MP) #624: Wed Apr  9 09:38:45 MDT 2025
    [email protected]:/usr/src/sys/arch/amd64/compile/GENERIC.MP

Test Setup #

• Storage: 1TB Crucial P3 Plus SSD M.2 2280 PCIe 4.0 x4 3D-NAND QLC (CT1000P3PSSD8)
• Tool: fio, installed via OpenBSD packages
• Test File Size: 64 GB (to bypass RAM cache)
• Block Size: 4 KiB
• I/O Depth: 32
• Job Counts Tested: 1 to 32
• Runtimes: 30s runtime per test, 10s ramp-up

Results at a Glance #

Summary Tables #

Random Read Performance #

Random Write Performance #

Latency Overview (Read vs Write) #

Observations #

1. OpenBSD scales I/O quite well up to a point — notably better than expected.
2. Job count sweet spot: Between 6 and 8 jobs gave the best balance of IOPS and latency.
3. Too many jobs degrade performance due to increased contention and CPU overhead.
4. NVMe write performance is sensitive to concurrency on OpenBSD, more so than reads.

fio(1) Linux vs. OpenBSD #

Based on this test script I ran a simple benchmark between Linux version 6.12.21-amd64 ([email protected]) (x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-14 (Debian 14.2.0-19) and OpenBSD 7.7 (GENERIC.MP) #624: Wed Apr 9 09:38:45 MDT 2025 [email protected] on ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 (14" Intel).

#!/bin/sh

# Common fio parameters
BLOCK_SIZE="4k"
IODEPTH="1"
RUNTIME="30"
SIZE="1G"
FILENAME="benchfile"

# Output directory
OUTPUT_DIR="./fio-results"
mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"

# numjobs to test
NUMJOBS_LIST="1 2 4 8 16 32"

# Test types
for RW in randread randwrite; do
  echo "Starting $RW tests..."
  for J in $NUMJOBS_LIST; do
    OUTFILE="$OUTPUT_DIR/${RW}-${J}.json"
    echo "Running $RW with numjobs=$J..."

    fio --name="test-$RW" \
        --filename="$FILENAME" \
        --rw="$RW" \
        --bs="$BLOCK_SIZE" \
        --iodepth="$IODEPTH" \
        --numjobs="$J" \
        --size="$SIZE" \
        --time_based \
        --runtime="$RUNTIME" \
        --group_reporting \
        --output-format=json \
        --output="$OUTFILE"
  done
done

Please mind the gap. The test was not even performed with direct=1 (see below for details) under Linux. There is a lot of potential for OpenBSD.

     direct=bool
            If value is true, use non-buffered I/O. This is usually O_DIRECT.
            Note that OpenBSD and ZFS on Solaris don't support direct I/O. On
            Windows the synchronous ioengines don't support direct I/O.
            Default: false.

What I also noticed is that the performance on the ThinkPad damatically worse than on the workstation.

Conclusion #

If you’re tuning I/O performance on OpenBSD — whether for databases, file servers, or personal use — don’t fall into the “more jobs = more performance” trap. Our tests clearly show:

• 6 to 8 parallel jobs is optimal for both reads and writes.
• Beyond that, latency suffers and throughput gains are negligible.

I wanted to get a quick but solid overview of how well OpenBSD handles disk I/O across increasing thread counts. The results matched my expectations — scaling up works to a point, but there are trade-offs. What these benchmarks don’t show is that once the number of threads grows too large, my KDE desktop becomes almost unusable. This is something to keep in mind for real-world multitasking scenarios.

An upcoming test I plan to run will involve RW performance on USB sticks, which could offer more insight as we stress more subsystems.