In the last post we looked at how expert parallel communications kernels work. This was a story of how the original DeepEP library from DeepSeek was organized. That library relies on GPU-initiated communication: the GPU has to be able to tell the NIC directly what to transfer and when.

The primitives that library introduces are sufficiently general and powerful that others have built on them to expand support across NICs and across GPU types. This is the story of UCCL, specifically UCCL-EP, which takes DeepEP-style communication patterns and makes them work for arbitrary NIC-accelerator pairs.

We’re interested in heterogeneous hardware here at Doubleword. We want the most tokens for the lowest price, regardless of what makes themSee our earlier posts on bringing up Deepseek-v4 Flash on MI300x. Doubleword was recently named as one of six companies in the first wave of UK Sovereign AI investmentsOur first investments, UK Sovereign AI, which has given us access to an allocation on the AI Research Resource, including time on Isambard-AI, the UK’s national AI supercomputing facility.

Isambard-AI is a great facility. But its chips are connected with the HPE Slingshot interconnect. No GPU-initiated communication, no DeepEPAlso no UCCL, yet (we’re working on it).. The inference shapes that high-performance point-to-point EP kernels like DeepEP permit (Two-Batch Overlap, WideEP) are crucial for us to maximise the intelligence we can provide per pound spent.

This post is about how UCCL-EP gets expert parallelism to work across arbitrary interconnects.

The DeepEP contract§

The fast parallel structure that DeepEP builds on relies on the existence of a few simple remote communication primitives:

1. A one-sided write: put these bytes at that address on that rank. The receiver doesn’t post a matching receive or run any code to accept the dataContrast two-sided send/recv, where both ends participate in every transfer.: it’s a GPU in the middle of its own kernel, and its half of the protocol is to poll local memory until the bytes arrive.
2. An ordered signal: an atomic add into a known slot, telling the receiver the data has arrived. We need to be able to do this and know that it will land after the data has landed, so there’s a strict ordering requirement.
3. A quiet: confirmation on the sender-side that all of its writes have completed, needed before it can reuse a source buffer or signal completion to anyone else.

This contract is NVSHMEM’s device API: put_nbi for the write, amo_nonfetch_add for the signal, quiet for the fence. DeepEP calls these functions from NVSHMEM. The problem is that:

1. On the accelerator side, NVSHMEM is NVIDIA only.
2. On the NIC side, IBGDAInfiniBand GPUDirect Async. Mellanox/NVIDIA’s name for GPU-initiated networking., the mechanism that lets the GPU satisfy this contract itself, only works on NVIDIA NICs.

UCCL bridges the gaps by implementing the exact same contractUCCL’s device-side shim exports nvshmemi_ibgda_put_nbi_warp, nvshmemi_ibgda_amo_nonfetch_add, and nvshmemi_ibgda_quiet, so DeepEP’s kernels compile against it largely unchanged., providing NVSHMEM’s IBGDA primitives on arbitrary NICs and GPUs.

How DeepEP does it§

An RDMA NIC is driven through queues in memory. To send something, a process writes a work queue entry, a small descriptor carrying the opcode, source address, destination address, and length, into a queue pair on the NICA queue pair is RDMA’s connection object: a send queue and a receive queue through which a process hands descriptors to the NIC, executed in order, with completions reported to a companion completion queue., then writes to a doorbell register on the NIC to say there is work to do. The NIC reads the descriptor, moves the bytes, and posts a completion into a completion queue. Ordinarily the process driving the NIC runs on the CPU.

IBGDA moves the whole arrangement onto the GPU. The queue pair and completion queue are allocated in GPU memory, and the NIC’s doorbell register is mapped into the GPU’s address space. A warp inside the dispatch kernel builds the work queue entry itself, issues a memory fence, and writes the doorbell over PCIe. The NIC then pulls the payload directly out of HBMVia GPUDirect RDMA: the NIC DMAs to and from GPU memory without staging through host RAM. This needs the nvidia_peermem kernel module (or dmabuf) so the NIC can get at GPU pages. and sends it.

This satisfies the contract above trivially. The one-sided write is a write descriptor. The signal is an atomic-add descriptor posted to the same queue pair, and because a queue pair executes its descriptors in order, the signal-after-data guarantee comes for free. The quiet is the GPU polling the completion queue until everything it posted has completed.

This is the fastest implementation you can reasonably build: a token’s send costs one descriptor and one doorbell write from the warp that owns it. But it all depends on the NIC cooperating with the GPU. The NIC has to work with its queues living in GPU memory, its doorbell being written by a GPU, and its DMA engine reaching into HBM.

The requirement that it does so creates an MxN problem: every GPU and NIC pairing has to be engineered to work together, vendor by vendor. Hyperscalers, as much as NVIDIA might want them to, won’t just buy NVIDIA GPUs and NVIDIA NICs and call it a day.

On AWS’s EFA, Broadcom’s NICs, or HPE’s Slingshot, there is no GPU-ownable queue to build any of this on, and the contract can’t be satisfied in this way.

Keep the contract, swap the transport§

UCCL-EP’s starting observation is that nothing in the DeepEP dispatch and combine kernels depends on how the contract is implemented. The queues, the layouts, the formula addressing all live above it. So UCCL keeps DeepEP’s kernels nearly as they are and reimplements the three functions underneath them: nvshmemi_ibgda_put_nbi_warp, nvshmemi_ibgda_amo_nonfetch_add, and nvshmemi_ibgda_quiet.

The challenge is how to make those functions do what they’re supposed to. If we can’t get the GPU to drive the NIC directly, what can we do? UCCL manages it by pointing the GPU at a queue it can always write: ordinary host memory.

Since the CPU can drive the NIC (otherwise, what would the NIC be designed to interface with), UCCL runs a constantly spinning CPU thread, the proxy, that monitors that queue and picks up and dispatches commands from the GPU.

To run a put, the warp packs a 16-byte command128 bits exactly. By opcodes we mean which part of the contract, almost literally: write, atomic, quiet (plus a barrier for setup). Everything is squeezed: the rank gets 8 bits, the size 24, and each address 32. Addresses can be smaller because they aren’t pointers: buffers live in what NVSHMEM calls a symmetric heap, the same regions allocated and registered on every rank, so an address is just an aligned offset into a region both ends already know. carrying the opcode, the destination rank, the transfer size, and the source and destination addresses, and pushes it onto a ring buffer in pinned host memory. The signal is another command type on the same ring. The quiet is too: the GPU posts a quiet command and waits for the ring’s consumer index to move past it, and the proxy doesn’t consume a quiet until the network has acknowledged everything it posted before it.

The command carries addresses, not data: the activations stay in HBM, and the CPU never touches them. When the proxy posts the real descriptor, the NIC still pulls the payload directly out of GPU memory, exactly as in the IBGDA picture.

There are many warps and few rings, so a warp picks its ring by hashing its expert index across the proxy threads and their channels, and if the ring is full it spins until the CPU catches up. The structure is the same descriptor-queue arrangement the NIC offered, with the doorbell replaced by polling: the consumer on the other end is software, watching the ring’s head pointer instead of waiting for a register write.

The result is that the control path now requires nothing from the NIC at all: a write to pinned host memory over PCIe is something every GPU can do. The data path still needs one thing from the hardware, the NIC reaching into GPU memory, which we’ll come back to. But everything else that was hardware-specific has moved to the CPU.

The proxy: GPU-initiated, CPU-executed§

The proxy threads on the other end of the rings are started when the buffer is initialized: four by default, each owning eight ringsThe split balances two scarcities: four threads because driving the NIC is CPU work that needs its own cores, and eight rings each so the many concurrently-sending warps mostly land on different rings. The mapping of transfers to rings is static, the expert index modulo the ring count.. Each thread spins on its rings’ head pointers, and the loop it runs is short: read any new commands, rehydrate their offsets into addresses in the pre-registered regionsRegistered once at startup: ranks allocate their regions, then exchange addresses and access keys out of band over some coordination mechanism; for torch it’s the existing process group., build the corresponding descriptors, post them to the NIC, poll the completion queue, advance the ring tails.

The contract’s guarantees now belong to the proxy. The signal-after-data ordering holds because the proxy posts a ring’s commands to the network in ring order, and a queue pair executes its descriptors in that order, so a signal posted after its data completes after itThere is also a stricter optional mode in which the proxy holds a signal back until the completions for its data writes have actually arrived, rather than relying on queue-pair order. Queue-pair order only helps when the transport executes in order (RC, in verbs terms); on a reliable-but-unordered transport like EFA’s SRD it guarantees nothing, and this mode is the fallback.. The quiet holds because the proxy refuses to consume a quiet command until the completion queue has acknowledged everything it posted before it.

Structurally, the proxy has two halves: a generic front that drains rings and tracks completions, and a backend that turns commands into calls on the NIC’s own API. The backend is the only code in the stack that knows which NIC is present.

Any NIC a CPU can drive§

Porting UCCL-EP means writing a new backend for the proxy: the code that turns a 16-byte command into network operations. The kernels, the shim, and the rings don’t change.

What does a backend actually need from its NIC? Happily, much less than in IBGDA. Four things, in decreasing order of necessity:

1. DMA access to GPU memory, in both directions. On send the NIC reads the payload straight out of HBM; on receive it writes arriving tokens straight into HBM. The command that crossed to the host carried addresses, not data, and this is what keeps the data path off the CPU. The NIC has to accept GPU memory registrationsVia peer-memory or dmabuf or whatever. See Building NVSHMEM from Scratch., and this is the one capability with no software substitute.
2. A reliable one-sided write. Bytes delivered to a remote registered address, exactly once, with no remote software involved.
3. Completions that imply remote delivery. The quiet never reaches the wire: the proxy synthesizes it by counting completions. For that to be sound, a completion has to imply that “this write has landed and is readable in remote memory”.
4. Ordering and atomics, if you can get them. If the NIC offers ordered connections, the signal-after-data guarantee comes free, as it did on the verbs path. If it offers remote atomics, the signal maps onto one directly. Neither is required: both can be rebuilt in the proxy.

UCCL-EP ships a backend for AWS’s EFA and a generic RDMA verbs backend covering Broadcom’s Thor, AMD’s Pollara, and NVIDIA’s own ConnectX. And because the device side of the contract is nothing but writes to host memory, the GPU doesn’t need to be NVIDIA’s either: the same shim compiles under ROCm, which is how the whole stack runs on AMD GPUs.

Performance§

The proxy-thread design has some costs. Each message’s control information crosses PCIe to host memory and waits for a proxy thread to notice it, where IBGDA paid a single doorbell write. And the proxies are four pinned CPU threads per GPU, spinning.

But the work the proxy adds is per-command, not per-byte: a fixed cost for the host-thread pickup, amortized over however much data the descriptor moves. The published numbersFrom their paper, the repo’s benchmarks, and the announcement post. bear this out. On NVIDIA NICs, where the original DeepEP is the baseline, UCCL-EP performs comparably, and on a GH200 testbed it comes out ahead, which the authors put down to NVSHMEM’s own internal overheads. On the hardware DeepEP can’t reach, the gains are big: up to 2.1x the dispatch and combine throughput of the best prior EP implementation on EFA, 40% more SGLang token throughput on NVIDIA-plus-EFA, and 45% more DeepSeek-V3 training throughput on a sixteen-node AMD-plus-Broadcom cluster.

Conclusion§

So that’s UCCL-EP: a clean way to do $m+n$