国际象棋图谱

国际象棋图谱
Chess Atlas

原始链接: https://chess-timeline.vercel.app/gallery.html

本摘要追溯了国际象棋的演变历程，探讨了塑造其历史的多元材质与艺术潮流。 **象牙与木材（公元 700 年–2000 年）：** 从 7 世纪的阿弗拉西阿布棋子到 1150 年代标志性的路易斯岛棋子，象牙曾是宫廷与征服者的首选媒介。至 1616 年，木材成为标准化材质，并最终在 1849 年成就了纳撒尼尔·库克设计的“斯汤顿”棋子，该设计沿用至今，已成为国际通用标准。这一时期还凸显了包豪斯和超现实主义艺术家对棋具的现代诠释。 **陶瓷与瓷器（12 世纪–1900 年代）：** 陶土与瓷器代表了国际象棋最早的形式及其最为珍贵的表达方式，涵盖了古代波斯设计以及新古典主义风格的韦奇伍德与麦森工艺。 **金属（1920 年至今）：** 这是一个由建筑师和艺术家定义的现代时期，从曼·雷和亚历山大·考尔德的几何作品，到 1972 年备受瞩目的菲舍尔与斯帕斯基对弈棋具，再到盖里、扎哈·哈迪德以及 Skyline Chess 等当代的金属设计。 **水晶与观念艺术（1943 年至今）：** 透明度定义了现代玻璃棋具，如野口勇的有机玻璃作品和巴卡拉的哈考特玻璃制品。“国际象棋艺术”运动最终将这一游戏提升为观念艺术品，其中包括杜尚、达利、小野洋子等超现实主义者的创作，以及赫斯特和草间弥生等当代艺术家的作品。

Hacker News 上关于“国际象棋地图集”（Chess Atlas）项目的讨论，凸显了文化与语言历史如何影响国际象棋的设计。用户指出，虽然现代西方棋子常带有十字架王冠或主教冠等宗教元素，但这种设计绝非普世通用。许多评论者指出，在其他文化中，“主教”常被塑造成大象（*alfil* 或 *fil*），这保留了该游戏源自萨珊波斯时期的痕迹——当时的这枚棋子是军事顾问（维齐尔），而非宗教人物。讨论探讨了为何国际象棋棋子会呈现出巨大的差异，参与者认为，国际象棋是承载区域价值观、材料和当地传统的艺术画布。尽管一些纯粹主义者坚持标准的斯汤顿（Staunton）棋子具有功能上的清晰性，但其他人则认为艺术棋子极具魅力，即便它们有时将美学设计置于竞技实用性之上。该讨论帖还触及了国际象棋术语的历史演变、国际象棋描写中常见错误的长期存在（例如电影中常见的棋盘摆放错误），并推荐了如哥克亚（Gökyay）国际象棋博物馆等全球收藏机构；这些博物馆将国际象棋视为一种多元的雕塑流派，而不仅仅是一块游戏棋盘。

原文

Ivory & Bone c. 700 AD – 1900

Afrasiab Chessmen c. 700 AD

Charlemagne Chessmen c. 1080–1120

Charlemagne Knight c. 1080–1120

Charlemagne Queen c. 1080–1120

Charlemagne Pawn c. 1080–1120

Lewis Chessmen — Warder c. 1150–1200

Lewis Chessmen — Berserker c. 1150–1200

Lewis Chessmen — Group c. 1150–1200

Lewis Chessmen — Museum c. 1150–1200

Walrus Ivory King Medieval

Walrus Ivory Knight Medieval

Afrasiab · Charlemagne · Lewis · Vizagapatam · Northern Upright The oldest surviving chess pieces. From abstract 7th-century Samarkand to the expressive Lewis Chessmen of Norse origin, through ornate Indian export sets and Chinese puzzle balls. Ivory was the material of courts and conquerors.

Ivory Knight c. 1510

Vizagapatam Export Chess c. 1750–1850

Indian Chessmen c. 1750–1850

Indian Ivory Detail c. 1750–1850

Met Chess Set c. 1800

Ager Chessmen c. 1050–1100

Chinese export ivory puzzle ball chess set

Chinese Puzzle Ball 19th Century

Northern Upright 19th Century

Northern Upright Slender 19th Century

Puzzle Ball — George II c. 1740s

Wood 1616 – 2000

Selenus Pattern 1616

Selenus Detail 1616

Régence Pattern c. 1715–1850

Barleycorn Pattern c. 1800–1849

Staunton Chess Set 1849

Original Jaques Staunton 1849

Staunton Opening 1849

Man Ray Chess Set 1920–1926

Bauhaus Chess Set 1924

Bauhaus — Walker Gallery 1924

Hartwig Detail 1924

Hartwig Pieces 1924

Hartwig Complete 1924

Max Ernst and his chess set at the Imagery of Chess exhibition

Max Ernst 1944

Selenus · Staunton · Man Ray · Hartwig · Ernst · Calvert · St. George The material of standardisation. From Selenus’s 1616 treatise through the Régence, St. George, and Barleycorn patterns to Nathaniel Cook’s 1849 Staunton, which became the universal standard. Then the modernists: Man Ray, Hartwig at the Bauhaus, Max Ernst.

Max Ernst Pieces 1944

Régence Match c. 1715–1850

Jaques Staunton Original 1849

Tournament Set Wood

Met Chess Board Wood

Calvert Chess 19th Century

Calvert Chessmen 19th Century

Calvert Board 19th Century

Calvert Pattern 19th Century

St. George Chessmen 19th Century

St. George Detail 19th Century

St. George Men 19th Century

St. George Style 19th Century

Ceramic & Porcelain 12th C – 1900s

Persian Chess Set c. 12th Century

Persian Rook c. 12th Century

Persian Bishop c. 12th Century

Persian King c. 12th Century

Persian Knight c. 12th Century

Sasanian · Persian · Meissen · Kändler · Esser · Wedgwood From ancient Persian and Sasanian abstract forms, among the earliest known chess pieces, to Meissen under Kändler and Esser, and Wedgwood’s neoclassical jasperware. Clay was chess’s first medium; porcelain became its most precious.

Sasanian Agate Ancient

Sasanian Ceramic Ancient

Meissen Seetiere 1717–1930s

Meissen Kändler 18th Century

Wedgwood c. 1780s

Metal 1920 – present

Man Ray chess set, MoMA silver-plated brass

Man Ray — MoMA 1920–1926

Alexander Calder c. 1944

Bobby Fischer 1972

Bobby Fischer 1960

Fischer vs Spassky — G5 1972

Fischer vs Spassky — G13 1972

Fischer — Amsterdam Metal

Bobby Fischer 1972

Gehry / Tiffany 2012

Gehry / Tiffany Detail 2012

Gehry / Tiffany Forms 2012

Man Ray · Calder · Fischer · Gehry · Hadid · Skyline Chess The century of artists and architects. Man Ray’s geometric brass, Calder’s wire sculptures, Fischer’s legendary 1972 match against Spassky. Then Gehry for Tiffany, Zaha Hadid’s parametric towers, Skyline Chess’s city skylines cast in metal.

Gehry / Tiffany Pieces 2012

Zaha Hadid 2014

Zaha Hadid — Silver 2014

Zaha Hadid — Red 2014

Skyline Chess — NYC 2016–present

Skyline Chess — Premium 2016–present

Tournament Staunton 1972

Calder Detail c. 1944

Fischer–Spassky Set 1972

Fischer-Spassky World Championship set detail

Fischer–Spassky Detail 1972

Fischer-Spassky World Championship chess set

Fischer–Spassky Pieces 1972

Crystal & Glass 1944 – 2014

Isamu Noguchi chess set plexiglass pieces

Isamu Noguchi 1944

Noguchi Chess Set 1944

Noguchi Table 1944

Noguchi Pieces 1944

Noguchi Set 1944

Swarovski Crystal 1984–2007

Swarovski Detail 1984–2007

Murano Glass 1960s–present

Murano Detail 1960s–present

Noguchi · Swarovski · Murano · Nendo / Baccarat Transparency as concept. Noguchi’s Lucite pieces for “The Imagery of Chess” exhibition, Swarovski’s precision-cut crystal, Murano’s hand-blown tradition, and Nendo’s radical reimagining of Baccarat’s Harcourt glass.

Murano Pieces 1960s–present

Nendo / Baccarat 2014

Nendo / Baccarat Detail 2014

Nendo / Baccarat Pieces 2014

Nendo Sketch 2014

Mixed & Conceptual 1943 – present

Dalí — Fingers Chess 1964–1968

Dalí — Board 1964–1968

Dalí — Pieces 1964–1968

Dalí — Detail 1964–1968

Marcel Duchamp 1943

Duchamp Playing 1943

Duchamp Pocket Chess 1943

Yoko Ono Play It By Trust all-white chess set

Yoko Ono — Play It By Trust 1966

Yoko Ono — Detail 1966

LEGO Chess Set 2012–present

Yoom Chess Set Mixed & Conceptual

Yoom Chess Mixed & Conceptual

Yoom Pieces Mixed & Conceptual

Yoom Board Mixed & Conceptual

Yoom Overview Mixed & Conceptual

Yoom Close-up Mixed & Conceptual

Peter Ganine c. 1947

Michael Graves 2000

Graves Detail 2000

Graves Pieces 2000

Graves Overview 2000

Graves Board 2000

Duchamp · Dalí · Ono · Hirst · Whiteread · Kruger · Emin · Kusama Chess as art object. Duchamp quit art for chess. Dalí cast surreal fingers. Yoko Ono made both sides white. The RS&A “Art of Chess” commissions brought in Hirst, Whiteread, Kruger, and Emin. Plus Graves, Rashid, Hermès, Kusama, LEGO.