Proops, L. & Mccomb, K. Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (equus caballus) extends to familiar humans. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 279, 3131–3138 (2012).
Call, J., Bräuer, J., Kaminski, J. & Tomasello, M. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans. J. Comp. Psychol. 3, 257–263 (2003).
Gácsi, M., Miklód, Á, Varga, O., Topál, J. & Csányi, V. Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human’s attention. Anim. Cogn. 7, 144–153 (2004).
Kaminski, J., Bräuer, J., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. Domestic dogs are sensitive to a human’s perspective. Behaviour 146, 979–998 (2009).
Soproni, K., Miklósi, Á, Topál, J. & Csányi, V. Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris). J. Comp. Psychol. 115, 122 (2001).
Virányi, Z., Topál, J. Ó, Gácsi, M. Á, Miklósi, Á & Csányi, V. Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans’ attentional focus. Behav. Process. 66, 161–172 (2004).
Buttelmann, D. & Tomasello, M. Can domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use referential emotional expressions to locate hidden food?. Anim. Cogn. 16, 137–145 (2013).
Merola, I., Prato-Previde, E., Lazzaroni, M. & Marshall-Pescini, S. Dogs’ comprehension of referential emotional expressions: familiar people and familiar emotions are easier. Anim. Cogn. 279, 373–385 (2014).
Müller, C. A., Schmitt, K., Barber, A. L. A. & Huber, L. Dogs can discriminate emotional expressions of human faces. Curr. Biol. 25, 601–605 (2015).
Albuquerque, N. et al. Dogs recognize dog and human emotions. Biol. Lett. 279, 3131–3138 (2016).
Kaminski, J., Riedel, J., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task. Anim. Behav. 69, 11–18 (2005).
Nawroth, C., Ebersbach, M. & von Borell, E. Juvenile domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) use human-given cues in an object choice task. Anim. Cogn. 17, 701–713 (2014).
Proops, L., Walton, M. & McComb, K. The use of human-given cues by domestic horses, Equus caballus, during an object choice task. Anim. Behav. 79, 1205–1209 (2010).
Nawroth, C., Albuquerque, N., Savalli, C., Single, M. S. & McElligott, A. G. Goats prefer positive human emotional facial expressions. R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 180491 (2018).
Smith, A. V., Proops, L., Grounds, K., Wathan, J. & McComb, K. Functionally relevant responses to human facial expressions of emotion in the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Biol. Lett. 12, 20150907 (2016).
Smith, A. V. et al. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) discriminate between negative and positive human nonverbal vocalisations. Sci. Rep. 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30777-z (2018).
Proops, L., Grounds, K., Smith, A. V. & McComb, K. Animals remember previous facial expressions that specific humans have exhibited. Curr. Biol. 28, 1428–1432 (2018).
Savalli, C., Ades, C. & Gaunet, F. Are dogs able to communicate with their owners about a desirable food in a referential and intentional way?. PLoS ONE 9, e111387 (2014).
Savalli, C., Resende, B. & Gaunet, F. Eye contact is crucial for referential communication in pet dogs. PLoS ONE 11, e0162161 (2016).
Passalacqua, C. et al. Human-directed gazing behaviour in puppies and adult dogs Canis lupus familiaris. Anim. Behav. 82, 1043–1050 (2011).
Malavasi, R. & Huber, L. Evidence of heterospecific referential communication from domestic horses (Equus caballus) to humans. Anim. Cogn. 19, 899–909 (2016).
Nawroth, C., Brett, J. M. & McElligott, A. G. Goats display audience-dependent human-directed gazing behaviour in a problem-solving task. Biol. Lett. 7, 20160283 (2016).
Pongrácz, P. & Szapu, J. S. Cats (Felis silvestris catus) read human gaze for referential information. Intelligence 74, 43–52 (2018).
Merola, I., Lazzaroni, M., Marshall-Pescini, S. & Prato-Previde, E. Social referencing and cat–human communication. Anim. Cogn. 18, 639–648 (2015).
Miklósi, Á, Pongrácz, P., Lakatos, G., Topál, J. & Csányi, V. A comparative study of the use of visual communicative signals in interactions between dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans and cats (Felis catus) and humans. J. Comp. Psychol. 119, 179 (2005).
McComb, K., Taylor, A. M., Wilson, C. & Charlton, B. D. The cry embedded within the purr. Curr. Biol. 19, 507–508 (2009).
Saito, A., Shinozuka, K., Ito, Y. & Hasegawa, T. Domestic cats (Felis catus) discriminate their names from other words. Sci. Rep. 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40616-4 (2019).
Bennett, V., Gourkow, N. & Mills, D. S. Facial correlates of emotional behaviour in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Behav. Process. 141, 342–350 (2017).
Ellis, S. L. H. Recognising and assessing feline emotions during the consultation: history, body language and behaviour. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20, 445–456 (2018).
Cameron-Beaumont, C. Visual and Tactile Communication in the Domestic Cat (Felis Silvestris Catus) and Undomesticated Small-felids (University of Southampton, 1997).
Rieger, G. & Turner, D. C. How depressive moods affect the behavior of singly living persons toward their cats. Anthrozoos 12, 224–233 (1999).
Galvan, M. & Vonk, J. Man’s other best friend: domestic cats (F. silvestris catus) and their discrimination of human emotion cues. Anim. Cogn. 19, 193–205 (2016).
Cats Protection. The Behaviour Guide. (2017).
Caeiro, C. C., Burrows, A. M. & Waller, B. M. Development and application of CatFACS: are human cat adopters influenced by cat facial expressions?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 189, 66–78 (2017).
Slow Blink. International Cat Care. https://icatcare.org/behaviour-described/maintenance/sedentary/slow-blink.
Tabor, J. Understanding Cat Behavior: The Complete Feline Problem Solver (David & Charles, Exeter, 1997).
Fox, M. W. A comparative study of the development of facial expressions in Canids; Wolf Coyote and Foxes. Behaviour 36, 49–73 (1970).
Proctor, H. S. & Carder, G. Measuring positive emotions in cows: do visible eye whites tell us anything?. Physiol. Behav. 147, 1–6 (2015).
Hintze, S., Smith, S., Patt, A., Bachmann, I. & Würbel, H. Are eyes a mirror of the soul? What eye wrinkles reveal about a horse’s emotional state. PLoS ONE 11, e0164017 (2016).
Sandem, A. I., Braastad, B. O. & Bøe, K. E. Eye white may indicate emotional state on a frustration-contentedness axis in dairy cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 79, 1–10 (2002).
Duchenne, G.-B. The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1862).
Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 58, 330–341 (1971).
Emery, N. J. The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24, 581–604 (2000).
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. & Cuthbert, B. N. Motivated attention: affect, activation, and action. In Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes (eds Lang, P. J. et al.) 135 (Psychology Press, London, 1997).
Désiré, L., Boissy, A. & Veissier, I. Emotions in farm animals: a new approach to animal welfare in applied ethology. Behav. Process. 60, 165–180 (2002).
Reefmann, N., Wechsler, B. & Gygax, L. Behavioural and physiological assessment of positive and negative emotion in sheep. Anim. Behav. 78, 651–659 (2009).
Handelman, B. Canine Behavior: A Photo Illustrated Handbook (Dogwise Publishing, Wenatchee, 2012).
Edwards, C., Heiblum, M., Tejeda, A. & Galindo, F. Experimental evaluation of attachment behaviors in owned cats. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2, 119–125 (2007).
Pongrácz, P. & Szapu, J. S. The socio-cognitive relationship between cats and humans—companion cats (Felis catus) as their owners see them. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 207, 57–66 (2018).
Boissy, A. et al. Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiol. Behav. 92, 375–397 (2007).