Never have I tested anything and NOT found a bug, and most things I tested I thought were already OK to ship.

Thus, when you delete your tests, the only person you are fooling is probably yourself :(

From reading your page I get the impression you are more burnt out from variation/configuration management which is completely relatable… I am too. This is a hard problem. But user volume is required to make $$. If the problem was easy then the market would be saturated with one size fits all solutions for everything.

I have never found tests to be universally necessary or helpful (just like types). They are a tool for a job, not a holy grail. I have also never met a codebase that had good test coverage and yet was free of bugs that aren’t then found with either manual testing or usage.

Somewhat hyperbolically and sarcastically: if you are good enough to write perfect tests for your code, just write perfect code. If you aren’t perfect at writing tests, how do you know the tests are complete, bug free, and actually useful? :)

This sentence makes no sense. Tests are infinitely more straightforward than code. I always go back to my dad's work as a winder before he retired:

After repairing a generator, they'd test it can handle the current that it's expected to take by putting it in a platform and... running electricity through it. They'd occasionally melt all the wiring on the generator and have to rewind it.

By your logic, since they weren't "good enough" to fix it perfectly, how could they know their test even worked? Should they have just shipped the generator back to the customer without testing it?

This was the original quote. Just because one aspect of a system is difficult to test doesn't make this quote true.

> No, they often aren't, and UI can be complex to test.

It can be but I've seen different ways to get confidence through testing. Just because it's complex doesn't mean we shouldn't do things to improve our confidence that what we're building works.

Go back to my example above: I guarantee that a repair has been tested, returned to the customer and failed the test after it was fitted. Why? The fault was elsewhere. But testing gave him confidence the generator wasn't the source of the problem.

I am a proponent of having the UI/UX design of a feature be done before development gets started on it. In an ideal XP/agile environment the designers and developers work closely together and constantly iterate, but in practice there are so many variables involved in UX design and so many parties that have an opinion, that it'll be a moving target in that case, which makes development work (and automated tests) an exercise in rework.

- write tests as part of figuring out the implementation (basically: automate the random clicking you're doing to test things anyways)

- Make these tests really loose

- Just check them in

Being unprecious about test coverage means you just write a handful of "don't blow up" tests for features, that help you get the ball rolling and establish at least a baseline of functionality, without really getting in the way.

In my experience, this has never happened. I’ve moved around hoping that somewhere, leadership has fixed this problem and nope. It never happens.

There are just too many unknowns and never enough time for design to stabilize. It’s always a mad dash to collect whatever user info you can before you slap together a final mock-up of the interface and expected behaviour.

Well obviously, you just write tests for the tests. :3

It's called induction.

I had a friend whose first job out of school (many years ago) was part of a team at Intel assigned to write tests for their testing tools. When it matters enough economically, it will happen. As you can see from recent news, that is still not enough to guarantee a good result.

Tests exist to guarantee functionality and increase productivity (by ensuring intended functionality remains as we refactor/change our code/UI).

There may be cases where some tests are too expensive to write, but I have never come across this myself. For example, in functional tests you would attempt to find a secure way to distinguish elements regardless of future changes to that UI. If your UI changes so much between iterations that this is impossible it sounds like you need to consider the layout a little more before building anything. I’m saying that based on experience, having been involved in several projects where this was a problem.

Having said that, I’m myself horrible at writing tests for UI, an area I’m trying to improve myself, it really bothers me :)

UI tests can be cheap but they require some experience in knowing how to write a testable UI. One way of achieving that is writing them as early as possible, of course. Which is not always possible :/

This is my number one pet peeve in software. Every aspect of every interface is subject to change always; not to mention the bonanza of dickbars and other dark patterns. Interfaces are a minefield of "operator error" but really it's an operational error.

Think back to grade school math class and your teacher has given you a question about trains with the requirement "show your work." Now, I know a lot of kids will complain about that requirement and just give the answer because "I did it in my head" or something. They fail. Here's the fact: the teacher already knows the trains will meet in Peoria at 12:15. What they're looking for is evidence that you have learned the lesson of how to solve a certain class of problems using the method taught.

If you're a professional software developer, it is often necessary to provide evidence of correctness of your code. In a world where dollars or even human lives are on the line, arrogance is rarely a successful defense in a court of law.

That the documentation is self-validating is merely icing on the cake.

It's like saying the purpose of eating is to fill your senses with wonderful flavours and texture. No, that's a beneficial side effect: the purpose of eating is to prevent death from starvation.

I did like the rest of the post, but this is not hyperbole. It's just a disingenuous argument, and one that looks orthogonal to your point that "tests are a tool for a job".

If you aren't perfect at magnetizing iron, and you need a working compass, you better magnetize two needles and use one to test the other. The worse you are at magnetizing iron, the more important it is that you do this if you want to end up with a working compass.

This is modern testing in a nutshell - it's ineffective but the author of the test can't actually tell that!

Using this analogy, if you created 10 magnetised needles using the wrong process and getting the wrong result, then all 10 would agree with each other and your test passes, but your needle is still broken.

Hint: if you think the way to test whether a needle is magnetized using another possibly magnetized needle is by building both needles into two separate compasses, you're nowhere close.

I thought it was clear from my post that I do not think this.

I also think you are missing the point.

>> if you created 10 magnetised needles using the wrong process and getting the wrong result, then all 10 would agree with each other and your test passes

You snipped out the qualifier to the paragraph. The qualifier is important. Here's the full quote with the qualifier:

> Using this analogy, if you created 10 magnetised needles using the wrong process and getting the wrong result, then all 10 would agree with each other and your test passes, but your needle is still broken.

IOW, using this analogy for software development, all the products created with the wrong algorithm and/or process would all agree with each other. It's why I say you are missing the point.

You're not creating a binary product that either exists or doesn't exist, like magnetism, so repeating the process as some sort of "test" is a broken way to test.

It's also the most popular way to write tests: the tests are effectively moot because a pass does not indicate that the result is correct.

Apart from the fact that in your example the produce is validated using the exact same produce, you are actually describing the perfect test:

Two magnetized needles will validate each other, so both the product (needle#1) and the test-setup (needle#2) will be confirmed as valid in one step. If one is not working, the other will self-validate by pointing at the earth magnetic field instead...

I have yet to see anyone claim they write perfect tests.

> If you aren’t perfect at writing tests, how do you know the tests are complete, bug free,

I never claimed to produce or seen complete tests. I never claimed or seen bug free tests.

> and actually useful? :)

I know that whenever I fix something or refactor, test fails and I found a bug in code. I know that when we do not have have the same bag again and then again the same bug and again the same bug.

I know when testers time is saved and they dont have to test repetitive basic stuff anymore and can focuse on more complicated stuff.

The flip side of this is the quote that "tests can show the presence of bugs, but never their absence". It better fits my experience here; every few months I'd find a new bug and diligently write a test for it. But then there was a new bug in a few months, discovered by someone in the first 10 minutes of using it.

I'm sure I have bugs to discover in the new version. But the data structures I chose make many of the old tests obsolete by construction. So I'm hopeful that I'm a few bugs away from something fairly stable at least for idle use.

Tests are definitely invaluable for a large team constantly making changes to a codebase. But here I'm trying to build something with a frozen feature set.

When there's an implementation change you'll likely end up discarding a fair number of unit tests and creating new ones that reflect the new implementation details. That's just natural.

Unit tests are awesome for fleshing out APIs; but once the fundamentals are in place, the tests no longer add any value.

1. Yes. To the same extent that we are all bad people by definition, made of base material and unworthy urges.

I'd love to have better programmers show me how I can make my tests better. The code is out there.

2. Even if I have good tests "by definition", a radical rewrite might make old tests look like "assert(2x1 == 2), assert (2x2 == 4)". Tests exist in a context, and radically changing the context can change the tests you need.

---

This is not in OP, but I do also have a problem of brittle tests in my editor. In this case I need to test a word-wrapping algorithm. This depends intimately on pixel-precise details of the font. I'd love for better programmers than me to suggest how I can write tests that are robust and also self-evidently correct without magic constants that don't communicate anything to the reader. "Failure: 'x' started at x=67 rather than x=68." Reader's thought: "Why is this a problem?" etc. Comments appreciated on https://git.sr.ht/~akkartik/lines.love/tree/main/item/text_t.... The summary at https://git.sr.ht/~akkartik/lines.love/tree/main/item/text_t... might help orient readers.

> 1. Yes. To the same extent that we are all bad people by definition, made of base material and unworthy urges.

Good and bad are forms of judgement, so let's eschew judgement for the purposes of this reply :-).

> I'd love to have better programmers show me how I can make my tests better.

Better is also a form of judgement and, so, I will not claim I am or am not. What I will claim to do is offer my perspective regarding:

> This is not in OP, but I do also have a problem of brittle tests in my editor.

Unfortunately, brittle tests are the result of being overly specific. This is usually due to tests enforcing implementation knowledge instead of verifying a usage contract. The example assertions above are good examples of this (consider "assert (canMultiply ...)" as a conceptual alternative). What helps mitigate this situation is use of key abstractions relevant to the problem domain along with insulating implementation logic (note that this is not the same as encapsulation, as insulation makes the implementation opaque to collaborators).

In your post, you posit:

> Types, abstractions, tests, versions, state machines, immutability, formal analysis, all these are tools available to us in unfamiliar terrain.

I suggest they serve a purpose beyond when "in unfamiliar terrain." Specifically, these tools provide confidence in system correctness in the presence of change. They also allow people to reason about the nature of a system, including your future-self.

Perhaps most relevant to "brittle tests" are the first two you enumerated - types and abstractions. Having them can allow test suites to be defined against the public contract they provide. And as you rightly point out in your post, having the wrong ones can lead to problems.

The trick is, when incorrect types and/or abstractions are identified, this presents an opportunity to refine understanding of the problem domain and improve key abstractions/collaborations accordingly. Functional testing[0] is really handy to do this fairly rapidly when employed early and often.

HTH

0 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4rxi9jStLo

There's _a lot_ of useful advice in there. But what I wanted to mention specifically is this:

One of the things he's saying is that you can sometimes test against a simpler (let's say brute force) implementation that is easier to verify than what you want to test.

There's a deeper wisdom implied in there:

The usefulness of tests is dependent on the simplicity of their implementation relative to the simplicity of the implementation of what they are testing.

Or said more strongly, tests are only useful if they are simpler than what they test. No matter how many tests are written, in the end we need to reason about code. Something being a "test", doesn't necessarily imply anything useful by itself.

This is why I think a lot of programmers are wary of:

- Splitting up functions into pieces, which don't represent a useful interface, just so the tests are easier to write.

- Testing simple/trivial functions (helpers, small queries etc.) just for coverage. The tests are not any simpler than these functions.

- Dependency inversion and mocking, especially if they introduce abstractions just in order to write those tests.

I don't think of those things in absolute terms though, one can have reasons for each. The point is to not lose the plot.

I have found that, in my own case, every time I’ve written a unit test, it has exposed bugs.

I don’t usually do the TDD thing, where I write failing tests first (but I do it, occasionally), so these tests are usually against code that I already think works.

That said, I generally prefer test harnesses to unit tests[0]. They still find bugs, but the workflow is less straightforward. They also cause me to do more testing, as I develop, so the bugs are fixed in situ, so to speak.

[0] https://littlegreenviper.com/testing-harness-vs-unit/

That's a strange redefinition of harness.

The larger-scoped tests are more often called integration or even system tests.

And while I'm here, those are slow tests that are harder to debug and require more maintenance (often maintenance of an entire environment to run them in!). Unit tests are closer to what they test, fast, and aren't tied to an environment - they can be run on every push.

But these days, the term “unit test” has morphed into a particular configuration.

You need to find a balance point.

I think we know that (some) automated tests (unit, integration, end to end) can help build quality software. We also know good tests aren't always easy to write, bad tests make for harder refactoring and flaky tests can suck a lot of time on large projects. At the same time it's always interesting to try different things and find out what works, especially for you if you're a solo developers.

As the author of many of Linux’s x86 tests: many of those tests would fail on old kernels, and a decent number of those failures are related to very severe bugs. Linux has worked well for many years, but working well didn’t mean it wasn’t buggy.

Working is something ;) Lots of software barely does that and there is certainly plenty of software with tests that doesn't meet the no-test Linux quality bar.

That said, tests certainly have their place in the world of software quality, so thanks for your work!

Same thing for the kernel, plus some versions are fully certified for various contexts so you can be sure fully formalised tests suites exists. And that’s on top of all the testing tools which are provided (Kunit, tests from user spaces, an array of dynamic and static testing tools).

But I would like to thank all the people here who think testing is useless for their attitude. You make my job easier while hiring.

Let's look at the source code for Doom: https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM

How many _test files do you see? Millions of people played Doom for endless hours and the quality beats a lot of modern software with tests.

Again, tests certainly have their place in modern software development, but the kind of thinking that if you have tests that means your quality is good is wrong and actually leads to worse software quality. Tests are just a part of an overall approach to quality software.

EDIT: Re hiring. I would be looking for people that understand the nuances and the why vs. people that approach things through a religious lens. I.e. they understand the tradeoffs. If you're writing tests then your tests are code. Should you write tests for your tests? If not why not? How do you know that your tests are correct? If your religion says 100% unit test coverage for all code then it's pretty clear this is a religious belief not subject to reason (because otherwise you'd be also asking for 100% coverage for your unit test code by other unit tests).

There are situations where unit tests have a ton of leverage. There are situations where they have less. Testing happens in other disciplines, e.g. mechanical engineering, where certain things get tested (including with automation) and others do not. The decisions depend on the function of the component, the impact of failure, preexisting knowledge about the technologies, etc. software engineering can learn something from some of those other engineering disciplines...

That's fine.

I've never written a test in my life. Have my programs ever had bugs? Sure. But I sleep very well at night knowing that I spent all my brain power and time writing actual code that Does Useful Work rather than have wasted significant lengths of my time on this planet on writing test code to test the code that does the Useful Work.

You speak of attitude and smugly "thank" those who don't write tests as that acts as your hire-or-not filter. With an attitude like that, I'd 100% not work for anyone with that attitude anyway.

And that’s why I never want to have to work with you on anything shipping to a user ever.

Don’t get me wrong, the field is riddled with people who think testing is beside them and wash their hand with the quality of what they ship and what they put their users through. That’s an issue to fix not a situation we should tolerate.

See, this is my point. It's not that testing is beside me, it's that my stuff gets tested anyway.

Here's the test: Does it fucking work or not?

You do that by running the thing. If it explodes, find out why and fix it. Job done. No thought or line of code was wasted in writing tests, all brain power was used to initially write a piece of code - which initially had a bug of course - and then said bug was fixed.

My code gets tested. By people using it. Or by me testing it as I write it ("does it fucking work").

There is really only one test.

You can choose to expend your brainpower and time on this planet writing code that will never actually be run by an end-user, or you can just write the fucking code that the end-user will run. That's how I work. Write it and run it. That's the test.

Test code written to test Useful Working Code is time wasted. It's like putting stabiliser wheels on bicycles - you're either gonna be stuck forever riding a bike with stabilisers, or you grow up and rip them off and have a few falls on the bike then become confident and competent enough to ride that bike without them. And have more freedom and time to experiment and go places you couldn't when they were put on.

So yeah. I definitely wouldn't work with people who like wasting my and their time on this Earth.

Write it. Run it. It either does what it's supposed to or not. If it doesn't, find out why and fix it. Or discover that your function/code abstraction/thought was shit in the first place then write it differently - oh and that's the worst part about writing code that tests the Code That Does The Work; say you discover that the function you're writing was a load of bollocks and needs to be highlighted and simply erased - there goes all that test code you spent brainpower and time, with it, too. And now you have to spend even more time writing new test code to test the Code That Actually Does Useful Work.

No thanks. And goodbye.

Users are not guinea pigs. They deserve better.

> Write it. Run it. It either does what it's supposed to or not. If it doesn't, find out why and fix it

That's called functional testing and that's actually testing. You are one step removed from actually formalising what you do and getting non regression testing for free. At that point, I think you are either arguing fot the sake of it and do actually realise that testing is important or somehow confuse testing with unit testing which is only a narrow subset of it.

Tests are there to detect logical correctness of the unit under test, very few type systems can catch errors like using - instead of + in a mathematical formula, for instance. You either need to go into dependently typed languages or languages that otherwise permit embedding proofs (SPARK/Ada).

hnQuestion

| list max |

list := #(1 8 4 5 3).

! Syntax Error: Nothing more expected

1 to: list size do: [:i |

max < (list at: i)

? Uses ifTrue:/ifFalse: instead of min: or max:

ifTrue: [max := (list at: i)].

ifFalse: [max := max].

].

They can also run way more often during development, down to the function/expression level.

When I asked him about TDD he said they did practically the same thing. Forgot how it was called though.

One recent gem was when he shared a video where they explained the recent crowdstrike debacle: „Look they’re making the same mistakes as 40 years ago. I remember when we dynamically patched a kernel and it exploded haha…“.

In any case, writing tests before writing the implementation was a thing during the 80‘s as well for certain projects.

In better run organisations they had test protocols, that is, long lists of tests that had to be run by manual testers before any new version could be released. Your manager had to make sure these testers were scheduled well in advance before the bi-annual release date of your latest version of the software.

So that listing old software and claim that they didn't have much tests is misleading, to say the least.

> automated unit/integrations tests

Since that's what the blog is talking about. Formalized manual testing is a different topic, that also didn't universally exist in the 70's and 80's.

Tests have burned out software engineers who waste the majority of their time deriving tests that will pass anyway. And then a significant code change will render them useless, at which point they have to be rewritten from scratch.

No your program will not be more correct with more tests. Deal with it.

The reason I do this is to prevent the bug from re-occurring with future changes. The alternative is to just remember for every part of the system I work on all edge cases and past bugs, but sadly I simply do not have the mental capacity to do this, and honestly doubt if anyone does.

So skip the tests and work more on the code instead.

If a requirement doesn't change, the test for those requirements should not change, no matter what you change. If these tests break, it likely means they are at the wrong abstraction level or just plainly wrong.

Those are the things I look at. I don't even care if people call stuff "unit tests", "integration tests". I don't care about what should be mocked/faked/stubbed. I don't care about whatever other bikeshedding people want to go on.

E.g. if your app is an HTTP API, then you should be able to change your database engine without breaking tests like "user shouldn't be able to change the email of another user". And you should also be able to change your programming language without breaking any tests for user-facing behavior (e.g. "`GET /preferences` returns the preferences for the authenticated user").

E.g. if your code is a compiler, you should be able to add and remove optimizations without changing any tests, other than those specific to those optimizations (e.g. the test for "code with optimizations should behave the same as code without optimizations" shouldn't change, except for specific cases like compiling only with that optimization enabled or with some specific set of optimizations that includes this optimization).

Leaving the tests there once written to help us in future refactoring costs nothing.

Granted, in some languages tests are more complicated to write compared to others. In PHP it’s a nightmare, in Rust it’s so easy it’s hard to avoid doing.

I hear what you are saying though, sometimes writing tests consume more time then is necessary.

Code is a liability. It has to have a good reason to be there in the first place - in the case of tests, it's worth it because it saves more time on bugs, but this can easily turn into a premature optimization.

So, tests catch edge cases that someone else thought of but not everyone might have. This "not everyone" includes yourself, either yourself from the future (e.g. because some parts of the product are not so fresh in your mind), or yourself from now (e.g. because you didn't even know there was a requirement that must be met and your change here broke a requirement over there).

To put an easy to understand example, vulnerability checkers are still tests (and so are linters and similar tools, but let's focus on vulnerabilities). Your post implies you don't need them because you can perfectly prevent a vulnerability from ever happening again once you know about it, both because you write code that doesn't have that vulnerability and because you check that your dependencies don't have that vulnerability.

So, think of tests more like assertions or checksums.

Sometimes it's also possible to do exhaustive testing. I once did that with a state machine-like piece of code, test transitions from all states to all other states.

Thinking of edge cases is exactly what unit tests are for. They are, when used properly, a way to think about various edge cases *before* you write your code. And then, once you have written your code, validate that it indeed does what you expected to do so beforehand.

The issue I am seeing, more often than not, is that people try to write unit tests after the fact. Which means that a lot of the value of them will be lost.

In addition to that, if you rewrite your code so often that it renders many of your tests invalid I'd argue that there is a fundamental issue elsewhere.

In more stable environments, unit tests help document the behavior of your code, which in turn helps when rewriting your code.

Basically, if you are just writing tests because people told you to write tests, it is no surprise you burn out over them. To be fair, this happens all too often. Certainly with the idiotic requirement added to it that you need 80% coverage without any other context.

If you write tests while understanding where they fit in the process, they can actually be valuable for you.

Keeping them for a while lets you make sure it doesn't pop up again.

10 years later, they probably don't add much value.

Tests are tools, that's like saying 'No, your food won't taste better with more salt.', it depends.

Property-based tests and model-based tests can catch edge cases I never thought of.

> Tests have burned out software engineers who waste the majority of their time deriving tests that will pass anyway.

Burn, baby, burn! We don't need programmers who can't handle testing.

And then, you write the test so that future changes (small or big) that causes regressions get noticed before the regression is put into production again. Especially in complex systems, you can define the end result and test if all your cases are covered. You do this anyway manually, so why not just write a test instead?

Integration tests at the outer edges often gives you most bang for buck.

Granular, mocked unit tests often add little value and will become a maintenance burden sooner or later.

And some of it is unconscious; maybe having that big, comfy test suite is preventing the software from evolving in optimal directions; because it would just be too much work and risk.

Also the TDD cultists are partially to blame for this attitude as well. Instead of focusing on teaching people how to write valuable tests, they decided to preach dogma and that frustrated many engineers.

I'm firmly in the circle of writing tests of course, I don't think a system that is not tested should ever be in production (and no, you opening your browser on a local machine to see if it works is not sufficient testing for production..).

Having said that - tests, codebase and data consistency, static types are things I'd not want to be without

It's also just more fun to write code (even a test) than it is to manually run some tests over and over again, at which point I eventually get lazy and skip it for that last "simple, inconsequential" commit.

Coming from a place where we never wrote tests, I introduce way fewer bugs and feel way more confident every day, especially when I change code in an existing place. One trick is to not go overboard and to strike an 80/20 balance for tests.

What isn’t easy is business logic, and here I think tests are useful. Or at least they can be. Because far too often, the business doesn’t have a clue what they want up front. Even more often the business logic will change so rapidly that tests automated tests become virtually useless since you’re going to rely on acceptance tests anyway.

Like I said, I’m not religious about it. I sometimes write tests, but in my anecdotal experience things like full test-coverage is an insane waste of time over a long period.

>

> Never have I tested anything and NOT found a bug, and most things I tested I thought were already OK to ship.

It's a trade-off. Most of the business world ran on, and to some extent still runs on, Excel programs.

There are no tests there, but for the non-tech types who created these monsters, spending time on writing a test suite has a very real cost - there's less time to do the actual job they were hired for!

So, yeah, each test you write means one less piece of functionality you add. You gotta make the trade-off between "acceptably (in frequency and period) buggy" and "absolutely bullet-proof no matter what input is thrown at it".

With Excel programs, for example, if the user sees an error in the output, they fix the input data, they don't typically fix the program. It has to be a dealbreaker bug before they will dive into their code again to fix the program.

And that is acceptable to them.

Not spending time on writing tests has a very real cost - a lot of time is spent on figuring out why your forecast was way off, or your year end figures don't add up.

Not to mention how big parts of the world are thrown into austerity, causing hundred of thousand dead, due to errors in your published research [0].

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_in_a_Time_of_Debt#Metho...

>> spending time on writing a test suite has a very real cost

> Not spending time on writing tests has a very real cost

Yes. That's what "trade-off" means.

I can’t understand how anyone would willingly program without using source code control in 2024. Even on a single-person project, the ability to work on multiple machines, view history, rollback, branch, etc. is extremely valuable, and costs almost nothing.

Maybe I’m misunderstanding what the author means by “versions”?

You're absolutely right that this approach doesn't apply to most programs people build today, with large teams and constantly mutating requirements.

I do still have source control. As I say in OP, I just stopped worrying about causing merge conflicts with other forks. (And I have over 2 dozen of them now; again, see the link above for details.) So I have version control for basic use cases like backups or "what did I just change?" or getting my software on new machines. I've just stopped thinking of version control, narrowly for this program, as a way to help _understand_ and track what changed. (More details on that: https://akkartik.name/post/wart-layers) One symptom of that, just as an example of what I mean: I care less about commit message hygiene. So version control still exists, but it's lower priority in my mind as a part of "good programming practice" for the narrow context of programs like this with frozen feature sets, intended to turn into durable artifacts that last decades.

In such a situation, all these tools may not provide a lot of value. A flute player in a large orchestra playing a complex symphony needs notes and/or a conductor; a flute player playing solo against a drum machine, or, playing free jazz, does not much need notes, and would likely be even hindered by them.

Tests help with ensuring that you don't introduce regressions, and that you can safely refactor. It's likely that you test changes manually anyway, so having automated tests simply formalizes this, and saves you time and effort in the long run.

Version control helps you see why a change was done, and the ability to revert changes, over longer periods of time. We tend to forget this even after a few weeks, so having a clean version control history is also helpful for the future version of you.

Not having the discipline to maintain both, and choosing to ignore them completely, is just insane to me. But, hey, whatever works for OP. I just wouldn't expect anyone else to want to work with them.

The only scenario where I could conceive not using either is in very small projects with a short lifespan: throwaway scripts, and the like. The author is writing their own language and virtual machine, which don't really align with this. Knowing their philosophy, I would hesitate to use anything they made, let alone contribute to it.

I'm still using version control as I've clarified elsewhere. I wasn't expecting this post to gain such a broad audience; I realize now it is really about how one's workflows can keep one stuck in a rut, a local optimum.

> The value of tests depends on the domain.

I agree with this. And like I said, for small throwaway projects and quick experiments I can see how tests and version control can be tedious to deal with. But even in projects like your Freewheeling Apps, where you're releasing them to the public and encourage people to use, you're doing them and yourself a disservice to not have tests.

But you clearly know what you're doing, so I'll stop preaching. :) Good luck with your projects!

BTW, I'm a big fan of LÖVE and it's super interesting what you're using it for. I only imagined it was good for games, not apps.

If version control bothers you that much I'd say it's a good sign that you need to take a break.

I'm not "bothered" by version control. I've not even stopping using it. As I say in the post, I just don't think about it much, worrying about merge conflicts and so on, when I'm programming. I've stopped leaning on version history as a tool for codebase comprehension. (More details: https://akkartik.name/post/wart-layers)

This comment may also help clarify what I mean: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41158040

> I'm not "bothered" by version control. I've not even stopping using it. As I say in the post, I just don't think about it much, worrying about merge conflicts and so on

How is using VC, especially in a solo project, "bothering"? It really does seem you just hate the tooling around modern software development and you just want to spit out code that does something for you and yourself. Which, again, is fine, but it's usually not a good idea if you are making something for other people/users.

Perhaps I should replace the word "versions" in my post with "workflows". In some situations the workflows I settle into contribute to a feeling of being stuck in a local optimum. Throwing away familiar and comfortable workflows can help find a global optimum. It's just the first step, though. It takes hard work to build everything all at once. But it can be valuable for some projects if you aren't happy with where you are.

But having 1000 easy options always available introduces severe cognitive burden to pick the correct choice. That's part of the reason why we as an industry have enshrined all shorts of Best Practices and socially shame the non-adherents.

Don't get me wrong, bad architecture and horrible spaghetti code is terrible to work with. However, questioning the things that feel Obviously Correct and exploring different and austere development environments that narrow our set of available choices and tools can sincerely operate to sharpen our focus on the end goal problem at hand.

As for version control, branching encourages cutting a program into "independent features"; history encourages blind usage of potentially out-of-date functional units; collaborative work reifies typically-irrelevant organizational boundaries into the code architecture (cf Mel Conway); etc.

Version control's benefits are also common knowledge, but there are real tradeoffs at the level of "solving business problem X". It's telling that such tradeoffs are virtually invisible to us as an industry.

But, you can choose not to branch then?

I’m really confused about the trade offs of version control. I can understand trade offs of branching strategies, but at its most fundamental (snapshots of your code at arbitrary times), I can’t think of any drawbacks?

Are you familiar with the artistic practice of adding "artificial" constraints in order to promote creativity and productivity? See Gadsby, the novel written without using the letter "e", or anything produced by Oulipo.

The point is that we have a superabundance of choice with software architecture and programming tools. One subset of those tools comprises things provided by version control. Give yourself a version control-less, limited development environment and see how it influences the way you think about and practice coding. There will be sharp edges, but if you give it an honest attempt, you will also very likely discover novel and better ways of doing more with less.

There are many things you can try. Disable syntax highlighting in your editor; try exclusively using a line editor such as ed; flatten your codebase into a single directory; code everything in a single file; organize your data structures to minimize pointer chasing; support extreme cross-platform compatibility (10 OSes?); write platform-independent code using "only assembly" (a la Forth, sectorlisp, or whatever); write a thing and then nuke and rewrite 5 times; etc.

IMHO, value in the above is most easily discovered by retaining a strong introspective eye throughout your personal development process. Where are the pain points? What processes force you to think about non-end goal issues? When does coding feel the most glorious? When did you have the deepest insights? Blah blah blah.

Not OP, but I'd argue you are the one moving the goalpost here.

If someone says they are not using "version control", I'm going to assume that they are not using git (or similar) at all. Any other meaning would be so arbitrary to be almost useless. No one can guess where you draw the line in the sand between "I'm not using any version control tool" to "I'm technically using a version control tool but I'm not doing version control because I don't do X,Y,Z".

I personally can't imagine writing any non trivial piece of code without using git. Even in its more basic form, the advantages are overwhelming. But at no point of my 20+ years of development I've ever applied the same rigorous version control rules of professional environments to my personal projects. At best I've used branches to separate features (rarely, and mostly when I got tired of working on a problem and wanted to work on a different one for some time), and PRs to have an opportunity to review the changes I made to see if I forgot to do something. At "worst" I simply used it as a daily snapshot tool (possibly with some notes about what's left to do) or as a checkpoint after getting something complicated working.

If the author has finally figured out rigorous source control can be unnecessary and counterproductive on small projects - good on them! But if that's the case then say that. Calling the fine tuning of which process you want (or don't want) to use "no version control" is just misleading.

I would be nice to just make my change without having to show it in a series of discrete steps.

I’m not actually opposed to this standard, but trying to show one perceivable downside that op may be alluding to (I’m not actually sure?)

You could just check in your code every night. And, vs not having those commits (even without messages) - what could possibly be the downside?

If the OP is referring to version control because they're needing to handle multiple branch types, switching between versions etc that is much more involved....but also makes it even harder to see how you can manage that by simply dropping version control entirely?

From the article, it does seem like it's not about any sort of specific feature they use, but rather the sheer basic "save versions of code" aspect of VC:

"Version control kept me attached to the past"

To go back to an earlier comment, this honestly sounds like burnout to me if you're having temporal anxiety from saving code.

> Back in 2015 I was suspicious of abstractions and big on tests and version control. Code seemed awash in bad abstractions, while tests and versions seemed like the key advances of the 2000s.

> In effect I stopped thinking about version control. Giving up tests and versions, I ended up with a much better program.

> Version control kept me attached to the past. Both were counter-productive. It took a major reorientation to let go of them.

You don't have to look at the history to use other features of version control. Typically everything is moving forwards in a repository.

This workflow works very well for the author. Most of us can probably think of a time when Git or automated tests frustrated us or made us less productive. There are similar solutions that are simpler and get out of the way, e.g. backing up code with Dropbox, FTP, whatever.

The above is works well because the author is optimizing for their productivity on a passion project where they collaborate with few others.

Automated tests are useful, but it sounds like the author likes creating programs so small that the value might not surface. I think that automated tests still have value even in this context, but I think we can all agree that automated tests slow you down (though many would argue that you see eventual returns).

Version control and automated tests solve real problems. It would be insane to start a project without VC today, and automated tests are a best practice for a reason. But, for the authors particular use case, this sounds reasonable.

---

Aside from the controversial bits around VC/tests, I think items 7/8/9 perfectly capture my mindset when writing/refactoring a large program. Write, throw it away, write again.

As for automated tests? That's fine.

...but that ain't applicable to all projects, or possibly even most projects. The vast majority of my FOSS contributions have been on projects with one or maybe two primary authors, and without all that many PRs. What is Git, or any particular Git repository host (GitHub included), really offering me?

I need to track changes (so I can revert them if necessary), I need to backup the code I'm writing, and I need to distribute said code (and possibly builds thereof). Just about any VCS can do those things. I ended up trying Fossil for various new projects, and I'm liking it enough that I plan on migrating my existing projects into Fossil repos (with Git mirroring) at some point, too. It's unsurprisingly more optimized toward the needs of the SQLite development team - a small cathedral rather than a Linux-style giant bazaar - and considering that all my projects' development "teams" are tiny cathedrals it ain't terribly surprising that Fossil would be the right fit.

That being said, I do feel like we have to learn to communicate over these boundaries if we want to evolve faster, as opposed to mostly repeating the same mistakes over and over.

For your personal projects you can choose any language, define any constraints, do whatever you like which is what I think the author is trying to communicate here, and that is fine. But sprinkling a bit of huge discovery/realization on top is not so much.

It was simply suggested that in some situations, maybe they're not as important as we tend to assume. And it takes experience to see those patterns.

On the other hand it may just be the author wanted to gaslight ppl into a debate xD

* with varied approaches; I even recall a "test all the things" experiment

This is a primary motivation for having a reasonable test suite - limiting frustration. Test suites gives developers confidence to evolve a system. When done properly, contributors often form an opinion similar to:

> But I struggled to find ways to test the rest, and also found I was getting by fine anyway.

This is also a common situation. As functional complexity increases, the difficulty to test components or the system as a whole can become prohibitive.

> Now it's 2024, and a month ago I deleted all my tests. ... In effect I stopped thinking about version control. Giving up tests and versions, I ended up with a much better program.

This philosophy does not scale beyond one person and said person having recent, intimate, memory of all decisions encoded in source code (current or historical). Furthermore, given intimate implementation knowledge, verifying any change by definition must be performed manually.

Some time ago on HN, I ran across a tale of someone who never merged code unless they'd written it all that day. If they got to the end of the day without something mergeable, well, that just meant they didn't understand the problem well enough to express it in under a day, and they tried afresh the following morning.

Anyone else remember this, or am I confusing sites/anecdotes again?

As a one-man programming team, you are correct. And quite frankly, I shudder to think of not programming with a test suite or version control, even though I work alone!

Docs, tests, and version control reduce what I have to remember about the code context. Yes, I have to remember the details of the code in front of me, but if I document it, test it, and check it in with a good commit message describing the why and how and whatever, then I can discard that code from my memory and move on to the next thing.

It started with an unconventional UI with a home page listing email accounts and for each account the number of unread and total messages. There was a unified inbox but it was not forced on users.

I remember that I explicitly selected this app because it fit my needs: one personal account, one work account, several work accounts that my customers gave me. I wanted those account to stay separated.

Probably a lot of K9 users picked that app precisely for the same reason because there were many complaints when the developer migrated to a conventional Android UI with a list of accounts sliding from the left and an extra tap to move from an account to another. If we had liked that kind of UI chances are that we won't have picked K9 to start with.

So one small change (but probably a lot of coding) destroyed the fitness of the app to its users. I keep using the old 5.600 version, the latest with the old UI, and I sideload it to any new device I buy.

Furthermore, to make things even more unusual, I only use POP3 to access my accounts (I preview on phone, delete stuff, possibly reply BCCing myself, eventually download on my laptop) and K9 fit perfectly that workflow. I don't need anything fancy. An app from the 90's would be good enough for me.

One thing is clear to me though, creating (software) by yourself is a completely different activity from doing it in a team.

About testing. Tests are means, not ends. What we're looking for is confidence I think. So when I feel confident about an implementation, I'll test less. And if I desperately need to make sure something keeps working, I'll add a few integration tests at the outer edges that are not so affected by refactorings and thus won't slow me down as much. E.g poking a web backend from the outside, as opposed to testing the internals. Unit tests are good for fleshing out the design of new API's, but those tests are pretty much useless once you know where you're going.

* Hotwiring if statements with "true ||" to go straight to the feature you're building takes time, and you're gonna have to tear it down later. Just build a test and run it, that way you get to keep it for regression testing

* If you're shipping something big, or slow, (which can just mean 'I use qt' sometimes) and launching the app/building the app takes ages, just make a test. A single test loads quicker and runs quicker

* If you're debugging and reproducing the bug takes 45 seconds, just write a test. It automates away the most boring part of the job, keeps your flow going, allows you to check the status of the bug as often as you want without having to think about if it's worth it or not, and, same as #1, you get to keep the test for regression testing

"Small changes in context (people/places/features you want to support) often radically change how well a program fits its context. Our dominant milieu of short-termism doesn't prepare us for this fact."

My opinion here is that short-termism is precisely a consequence of the hardness of predicting/keeping up with these small changes: businesses prefer to be able to adapt quickly to new scenarios rather than risking being stuck in the wrong direction.

Great quote! You can even replace “software” with “businesses” and the quote still works.

What is weird to me is that there is has been a lot of good progression in how professionals write software over the years. As you state, abstractions aren’t inherently bad for everything. I can’t imagine not having some sort of base class containing “updated”, “updated_by” and so on for classic data which ends up in a SQL db. But in general I’ll almost never write an abstraction unless I’m absolutely forced to do so. Yet in academia they are still teaching the exact same curriculum that I was taught 25 years ago.

It’s so weird to sit there and grade their ability to build these wild abstractions in their fancy UML and then implement them in code. Knowing that like 90% of them are never going to see a single UML diagram ever again. At least if they work in my little area of the world. It is what it is though.

It's not so much being overwhelmed by the complexity, it's just that there's a limit to the amount of active muscle memory I can utilize, and I have to make the cut somewhere.

It's a shame that there are so many rude comments. It seems like there are many close minded folks lurking here, forgetting that experimentation is essential in tech.

Can you clarify what is exactly fascinating here? They seem to be writing simple programs, used only by themselves. In these scenarios of course you don't *have* to use good eng practices.

The most foundational engineering practice of all: tailor interventions to the context.

If a big company with 10 teams of 20 engineers each blogs about how they're able to ship good code with testing or source control, I won't be any more fascinated that I am here because it sort of makes sense since no one can prove that source control or testing improves the end product.

This kinda beggars belief for me. I wonder who these people are - do they have the "battle scars" from working on complex or big systems? Are they reasonably junior or new to the profession with less than 10 years experience?

Next up? Fuck structural engineers, it's just going to slow us down building this bridge...

If you are doing something for fun, sure do whatever you want. I write zero tests for my own pet projects. But please in professional environments please don't ignore hard-won lessons in reliability and engineering-velocity because you don't want to have to do the extra work to update your tests. Your customers and colleagues (potentially years in the future) will thank you.

I'm not directing this at the OP, because they have actually thought about it even if I disagree with them, but there are a lot of people working in tech and in software who do not care about product quality at all. They're paid a lot of money and exclusively focus on shipping ASAP, quality be damned, so they keep their metrics looking good and the $$$ flowing. Add in the industries tendency for very short term tenure at jobs and you end up in a situation where people think what they're doing is "optimal" simply because it keeps them getting $$$ --- product quality is just secondary. Their "craftsmanship" is their job-hopping. (I don't have a problem with job-hopping if the products and code are still good --- they usually aren't.)

They usually don't need to care about a bridge lasting 6 decades, but then they're writing critical software for infrastructure or airplanes and, unfortunately, they can actively resist a lot of the hard learned lessons people had to make in those industries because they just want to move fast (and leave after ~2 years).

The culture isn't there yet.

OP is about how I thought I had the answers in the past but was wrong, and how I have new answers and am still wrong in ways I will find out about. So what beggars belief for me is anyone reading it and thinking I'm offering any sort of advice for others in all situations. What here gives you a sense it's at all related to professional environments? My first bullet was, "building for others is hard so don't even try." If you have ideas for what I can reword to make it even clearer, definitely let me know.

I do sometimes code in this pattern. I have high confidence in charts from Google and Akamai about some data I have exposure to (a variant of the inputs unique to my situation not in their hands) and when the curves I make conform in general trend to the ones they make over the time series, I am pretty sure I have this right. If the critique is in the fine differences I do some differential on it. If the critique is in the overall shape of the curve, if mine is like theirs, why do you think I am so wrong?

If the Primeagen has helped popularize the term again, great, thank you.

I don’t typically write tests, but they do make sense for a few cases (specifically end to end tests that look for well defined outputs from well defined inputs). I was inspired by Andreas Kling’s method of testing Ladybird, where he would find visual bugs, recreate the bug in a minimum reproducible example, fix the bug, then codify the example into a test and make sure the regression was captured in his test suite[0]. This led to a seemingly large suite of tests that enabled him to continue modifying the browser without fear of regressing somewhere.

I used this method of testing while I was writing a code highlighter that used TextMate grammars. Since TextMate grammars have a well defined output for some input of code + grammar, I was able to mimic that output in my own code highlighter and then compare it to TextMate’s output for testing purposes. I wrote a bunch of general purpose tests, then ran into a bunch of bugs where I would have mismatched output. As I fixed those bugs, I would add the examples to my test suite.

Anyways, my code highlighter was slow, and I wanted to re-architect it to speed it up. I was able to completely change the way it worked with complete confidence. I had broken tests for a while in the middle of the refactor, but eventually I finished the refactor. As I started to fix the broken tests, there was a domino effect. I only had to fix a few tests and that ended up automatically correcting the rest. Now, I have a fast code highlighter and confidence that it’s at least bug for bug parity with the slow version :)

[0]: https://youtu.be/W4SxKWwFhA0?si=PJs_7drb3zVxq0ub

The best code I've seen mercilessly elides anything that doesn't serve an architectural level, problem domain-relevant concern. GADTs and hash tables, and all our nice CS tools work much better when applied as cognitive tools in a domain-specific manner as opposed to reified language syntax or library APIs, as the latter necessarily introduces cross-domain concerns and commensurate incidental complexity.

The most blatant example of this in APL is using arrays and tables for everything. Trees? Can be efficiently encoded as arrays. Hash tables? Same. Tuples? Just a pair of vectors. Etc. APL's syntax really shines in this instance, since data interaction patterns become short, pithy APL expressions instead of zoos of library functions. Using direct expressions makes specialization much easier, by simply ignoring irrelevant concerns.

Anyway, APL aside, I'd really like to see our software engineering zeitgeist move more toward an optimistic refining our understanding of the human practice of software engineering and away from pessimistic and programming-centric problem avoidance.

(The above really came out more treatisy than intended. Oh well.)

I'm wondering what would work better? Writing a small program from scratch, using a rich ecosystem of libraries, seems like one way to go. AI help makes that easier.

Another approach, more common with popular apps that have more to lose, is to evolve in place.

For a one man show - go on do not write tests, especially if you do not know where you will end up with the software. But in teams I find a lot of value in (good written) tests, preventing bugs and documenting bugs. Sure you can over-engineer it, as everything else too.

BUT working without version control? Good that it works for you. I think version control is one of the MUST USE tools.

This is one of those sentences that is clearly an opinion but stated as if it were some undeniable, incontrovertibly true statement of fact.

In your opinion, you have a better program - but give the code or repository to another dev or a group of devs and I'm sure you'll hear very different things...

Can you expand on why integration tests should be thrown away once validated? Isn't the idea that when you make a change later, these tests will ensure you haven't introduced a regression?

He happily and condescendingly told every else how much they sucked because he had 1000% test coverage

When he released he had tons of bugs because his code wasn’t going what it was supposed to

His answer: yelling at product and tech leads for not being clear

The rest of us had tests but spent as much time asking clarifying questions

The guy above is one of the reasons I just lost all interest in software. This was a major FAANG company and his smooth talking continues today with management none the wiser because “he has the tests” Arby’s

I've seen the opposite too, devs not only not writing any test, but not trying to run a single line of the code they wrote. Reason being I cannot test all the edge cases so I won't test it at all. QA will open a bug. And somehow getting praised by management for being faster than others to ship changes.

For me, ChatGPT saved a lot of my mental load. I don't think about individual lines NEARLY as much. Obviously you need to understand what the program is doing and be smart about it, but you can really focus on business problems.

It spits out something like 40% of my code and 70% of tests. I've started dropping whole files into it and tell it how to combine a new code.

I learned vim by necessity after shying away from this weird old tech for years, when I was forced to work on a solaris server where there was no other way to edit the code at all. It was pain and suffering for a few hours - we really wanted to fix something that day as I was working on a machine that we were “not allowed to ssh into” been driven to a different city in order to sit in front of it.

But after that day I’ve been using vim almost every day. It is not my daily driver, always felt more productive in TextMate, SublimeText and now VS Code, but it is still incredibly useful.

Any remote server I ssh into there is no question what I can or cannot do - can easily edit everything I want to. And I use it for various quick edit tasks in the shell.

Now learning shells wasn’t so dramatic for me but same rules apply, I don’t feel uncomfortable anywhere - that pod that is misbehaving in your cluster - well just ssh into it and poke around! You need to tie a few commands together as there isn’t something that does _exactly_ what your company needs - just whip up a quick bash script! - zero dependencies and can be deployed anywhere - your mac, the server the ci is running on, even windows machines!

So general rule is - if it was used for 50 years and is used now, it is probably worth learning.

Shell scripting is incredibly powerful and omnipresent. So you want to know the basics about pipes, loops and the like.

But the language itself is broken by design (error handling is a mess; whitespaces create headaches daily; sub-shells can be a pain; ...). So, creating reliable scripts can be a challenge, and you do not want to become an expert on how to write large programs with the shell. Other languages, e.g. Python, are much better at this.

My favorite site in this context is https://shellhaters.org. It has a list of links to the POSIX standard so that you can easily look up functionality that is part of it (and should be present on all POSIX-compliant operating systems).

If you know everything on https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/bash/ you most likely know more than you need.

Wikipedia on Dubar:

> A replication of Dunbar's analysis on updated complementary datasets using different comparative phylogenetic methods yielded wildly different numbers. Bayesian and generalized least-squares phylogenetic methods generated approximations of average group sizes between 69–109 and 16–42, respectively. However, enormous 95% confidence intervals (4–520 and 2–336, respectively) implied that specifying any one number is futile.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number

If you have users but are not writing tests, then your users are your tests and you are wasting their time and money.

2. There are many ways to get a modicum of assurance. Types, tests, formal methods, cleanroom software engineering, NASA's IV&V, many others that I'm sure I'm forgetting.

So there are many ways to "know if your shit works" and none of them support turning off one's brain entirely (for the part beyond the "modicum"). What I did here is to explore some of the other approaches that I have long neglected.

Maybe I spend effort in making sure my types are useful and easy to work with, but one previous TypeScript I got to a state where _all_ of my database queries were automatically typed, and all of my requests and responses too, so both input output were guaranteed to be correct bg the compiler, so any bugs or errors that were left were business logic.

It was incredibly liberating - like pairing with someone who was junior but very pedantic. I ended up writing almost no unit test and only having integration level tests, cause the job of those test was mostly covered by types.

And writing the code itself was such a pleasure - you get immediate feedback if your program is correct _as you type it_. The most bizarre consequence of all this to me was writing a program for almost 2 hours, hundreds of lines of code, and then executing it and having it do exactly what you wanted on the first compile. That was both scary but exciting!

One can get over-constrained with types for sure, where you’re sending more time “fighting the types” rather than writing your code. But this is all just learning, once you understand how the typesystem works it all becomes easy to work with.

It was the same story with tests - once I started testing everything- it wasn’t easy to adopt my code to be testable, took effort, but then I learned how to make code pure, move state to the edges, manage dependencies etc, and all of those are useful practices in their own right, regardless if you write the tests or not.

Same with types - schema design and invariants, state machines, edge cases in type conversion and how to lock and manage external dependencies. Sets, unions etc - it became the way I reason about code with of without types and my code is better for it.

I also assume that types would make AI generated code much better _and more reliable_ because of the additional information and structure that it provides, so I recon they are here ti stay.

> It was incredibly liberating - like pairing with someone who was junior but very pedantic.

This is exactly what is happening. To achieve the same level of semantic confidence across a code-base in a dynamically typed language (such as JavaScript, Perl, Python, Ruby, etc.) would take the effort of a diligent junior programmer.

Which, in a way, is what a strongly-typed language compiler does IMHO.

No, you cannot just do something like this:

``` return { data, message: "OK" }; ```

you need to declare a class or struct that match the definition. There's mapper and builder everywhere. Adding / deleting 1 column from a datatype can force you to make changes in 5 places due to mapper / builder.

function foo (): {data: MyCustomObject, message: string}

so foo().data and foo().message is a valid object, while foo().bar will throw build error

I always try to have “clojure style” types where I don’t try to be too prescriptive - don’t lock things down if you don’t need to, just the minimum possible types to make sure the code I’m writing is correct, and nothing more - Rich Hicky’s talks on Clojure’s Spec was an eye opener.

I have been told by some java devs though that it is a matter of style - while unconditional it is possible to write java code with much less boilerplate if one uses newer language features and actually tries to hold the cruft at bay. Is that true?

TS though, the type declaration is amazing with it's union, optional and intersection type!

> No, you cannot just do something like this: > ``` return { data, message: "OK" }; ```

Yes, in Java you can:

  return new Object() {
    String message = "OK";
    Object data = itsValue;
    };

To each their own I guess, I've never felt burdened by types but I feel like I'm programming in the dark when using a non typed language.

  (defun sum-triplet? (list)
    (declare (type List list))
    (and (= (length list) 3)
         (destructuring-bind (a b c)
             list
           (and (numberp a)
                (numberp b)
                (numberp c)
                (= (+ a b) c)))))

  (deftype Sum-Triplet ()
    '(and List
          (satisfies sum-triplet?)))

And I agree tbh. The TS community has turned me off static typing for life. It's just wall to wall bikeshedding from the least productive people I've ever had the displeasure of working with.

The new Office suite are unbelievably buggy and slow not because of backward compatibility, but because of numerous useless "features" Microsoft added which made the software essentially bloatware. By the time Excel opens up on my Mac, I can open several Google Sheets and start working.

Office seems fine to me - not great software, but I haven't noticed any particular decline (not a heavy user, but have been using it since Word v2 in the 1990s)

And in any case what does this have to do with Typescript and the (over?) use of types?