I have a few pieces of advice. This is more about my own upbringing, so don't take any of it as an accusation towards you.

1) Don't hide things about their condition or prospects. I grew up in a very loving home. However, my parents found out I was going blind when I was ~8, I didn't find out until I was 13. My mother wanted to protect me from 'being the blind kid'. But I was. Not knowing made everything so much harder and more confusing.

2) Don't rely too much on technology. Stick and dog are the best tools blind people have. Everything else, in my opinion, is a flash in the pan and won't have long term support. Not made by blind people and with minimal consulting for them. Like what a sighted person thinks a blind person needs after closing their eyes and walking around their house for a few minutes. (Screen readers are useful, I'm not talking about those.)

For a piece of tech I was excited for and is now dystopian: https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete

3) Foster independence. The world is not made for us. It's also full of high speed metal deathtraps. The easiest thing to do is stay inside where I know where everything is. Even walking to the grocery store is a deeply uncomfortable endeavor. But I need to do it. I need to be able to live with that discomfort and not let it dissuade me from living the most human life I can.

The blind cane is very valuable. It took me too long to accept blindness as an identity, get over the shame, and start using it. I lost a lot of time to that.

Blindness sucks in every conceivable way. It affects every part of ones life. But I had a good childhood and I have a good life. All things considered, I'm extremely lucky for the circumstances of my birth because of the family I was born into. You can't take away the blindness but you can still give them a wonderful life.

People being overly protective makes things more confusing. Technology (including many medications), often don't really deal with the root cause, but some things do help (like talking therapy and some meds). Independence can be challenging, going outside can be challenging, going outside can be a deeply uncomfortable endeavour, and yet getting on with life is important and so we keep moving.

I'm sure blindness sucks in ways I can't easily empathise with as a sighted person, and so it's not anything close to a reasonable metaphor, but I feel I empathise with a sense of discomfort, anxiety and confusion. I never thought it would be the same. Thank you for sharing, and keep moving.

The main crux of #2, for me, is that there is many technologies people push or suggest to me. They are often short lived, or buggy, or help in a handful of cases but not enough for me to rely on it and make it part of my patterns.

What tech have you found reliable and beneficial? Specifically I'm interested in new tech that has actually panned out in your estimation.

Did you ever look into electrotactile tongue display units? What is your opinion?

I'm curious about what neuralink will present soon. Musk mentioned "atari graphics" recently, so they probably will for now only focus on generating phosphene-based crude bitmaps in the primary visual cortex (which has been demonstrated to work years ago). I can't know what they are up to and believe / expect they are internally more ambitious about stimulating the higher visual system. But if it boils down to the phosphene bitmaps I expect TDUs (which have FDA approval, already seem to work well and don't require invasive surgery...) to become part of the discussion.

I am generally more optimistic about technology if it's generally beneficial and not targeted at blind folks. If we just happen to ambiently benefit. Self driving cars and things like Neuralink fall into these categories.

Blind folks are a small percentage of the population and we don't have a lot of money. So the incentives aren't usually there to help us.

https://www.wicab.com/brainport-vision-pro

I found a few others while digging to find this again.

I can't say how well the translation of the picture into these matrices works, but expect these devices will also benefit from the research into the phosphene stimulation matrices, which (to the best of my current knowledge) have the same pixel matrix resolutions and thus the same problems to solve. A substantial part of the research aims at extracting meaningful pixel matrices from regular cluttered visual scenes through deep learning.

Of all the cities I've been to, Shanghai is where I've had the most independence (Tokyo and Osaka are tied for second.) I could often travel fully underground or using skyways. Subways everywhere that were easy to navigate. They had the blind lines on the ground, though they did sometimes run me into trees and parked bikes.

A typical suburb will often have apartments near retail areas, but residential districts without alternate transit options may as well be deep rural if your only option is walking through intersections without traffic lights.

One of the kids in my 4-year old son's class is blind. I went along for a day to help out on a school trip to some massive playground, which involved loading 60 kids into a bus (they usually walk/bike to school, so not everyone was used to the idea of large buses); keeping track of them in the playground, feeding them, etc etc. Lots of potential for disaster, haha.

Throughout the day, it struck me that for the most part this blind kid was just another kid amongst peers. It was very wholesome to see the kids understand his limits instinctively, help him out whenever needed but mostly just bantering and playing alongside him.

I never gave these things much thought before, but observing this I saw the importance of having quality, supportive peers to interact with. I hope you can find a supportive, nurturing environment for your boy: one that highlights and reinforces his strengths, not his weaknesses.

OP, are you in the US? Contact your states "Birth To 3" program immediately. You can get a Vision Specialist to come to your house. I imagine other countries have similar programs.

---------

Reading the rest of the thread, you HN'ers are very blessed to be ignorant that such a program exists.

For instance, it is extremely silly to consider non-Americans "ignorant" if they don't know US-only programs.

When I was young there was a deaf kid in our school. We just figured out communication as needed. Kids don't overthink things like adults do. The environment matters, but sometimes we should just let kids figure it out.

they're not preconceived, you didn't have them when you were a child. I think this points to the benefits to their own development (and then to the rest of us) that abled children get from disabilities being mainstreamed as much as is practical.

It can be a long road, but the body is very use it or lose it, so starting early is so important. I still have some visual processing issues, but I need no support and I can even drive during the day. Technically at night too, but it's too iffy for me, so I avoid it at all costs. Not saying this is your boy, but I am saying that consulting with a professional is a good idea in case there's something that can be done even if it takes years to see the results.

Edit: Here's a Pubmed article on a study where blind and sighted people were trained to echolocate: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8171922/

Learning to click to understand what is around you is, IMO, a viable thing to look into for your kid and decide if you want to undertake that training. Daniel Kish is the name of the guy most famous for it and would be a decent place to start looking.

An amusing anecdote and a bit of blind throwing shade a blind: https://youtu.be/u-7w3m7fhl4?t=326

Something I wanted to add, maybe this thread in particular isn't the best place for this but in general, I'm very lucky that my parents did not prevent me from doing things that others may have. For example, I climbed trees, rode a bike, and generally tried to do all of the things my sighted peers were doing. Naturally there were accidents, but not preventing me from doing those things, not preventing me from learning my limits, learning my balance and physical control, getting hurt and getting back up, I believe were absolutely vital to making me the person I am today. I imagine as a parent this can be very stressful or worrying, but I honestly do not believe I would be as independent now if I wasn't allowed to do those things back then. So unless it is absolutely certain that this is something that they will not be able to do at all, maybe consider letting them try it. It will absolutely help confidence, self worth and skills for later independence that are very, very, very badly needed and very easily missed. I'm not a parent however, so of course take this with a grain of salt. My experience may be slightly biased here.

I alluded to it in my other post, but I fully agree with your sentiment around independence and figuring out your own boundaries. Even if I'm all but guaranteed a bit of pain along the way.

Can be built easily with an Arduino

I think that another possibility could be to fill your home or workplace with those devices put on walls or furniture. The idea would be that your table could say to you "lookout, I'm here" when you are about to crash against it. Use it first in the areas that were more problematic. The volume of the bleeps should be reduced to a low comfortable whispering level so they don't annoy the user. I wonder why nobody has created still a kitt providing a soundscape for blind people. That product should have a different click sound for each object marked in the soundscape.

Another possibility would be a snapshot soundscape, where a remote control could turn on/off the system only when necessary providing the blind people with a mental picture hearing all the blips at the same time and its position respect to the other blips. Like a cane, but covering much more distance

I want to propose this system. Imagine that you are on a workplace where blind people came often to work or as clients. There is a soft, low, slow and sparse music that is pleasing to hear as a background for anybody and is always changing.

Now lets imagine that this music is codified and played on a 3D system.

Every time we hear a piano note it means "door here", all bass notes mean "danger/stairs" and a flute means for example "WC". That would be awesome for blind people navigating new places without interrupting other workers asking for directions. Each one of this signals would be played on intervals of one minute or more, never less, so most of the time you have either silence or pleasant sounds that don't bother other people and the notes played by a particular instrument are changed each time for the same reason.

If we need more information, we could add short cords from popular music to convey additional words. For example a <garage door> could play on piano the four note sequence "here on my car" from Gary Numan, or iterate over a list of similar parts of very popular songs with the word "car" on it to not be too repetitive.

Of course it just could also just say "garage door" when a modified white cane approach like on elevators, but that could be distracting for non blind workers.

Dogs and canes work very well and solve most of the problem. It doesn't really matter if they are walking into a wall, piano or door - they need to know to avoid it. If you want useful sounds require every traffic light to have beeps when it is safe to cross loud enough to be heard across the street - because that is a real problem blind people have in navigating. Most of the rest of the world is forgiving to the types of mistakes blind people make and so they don't really need help.

The other way you can help the blind is just be willing to give directions from the sidewalk in front of a building to the front door.

Blind people at least should have a way to be able to evacuate a building with sound clues instead the traditional lights that turn up if there is a fire and are useless for them. The emergency lights are mandatory by law, but including emergency blips could be also useful for everybody in some areas where a lot of blind people are expected (or live).

Blind people should be given the opportunity to evacuate a building or a school just by their own means, even if is alone or left behind in a emergency. You can't always rely on touching to orientate yourself if there is a fire. Specially metallic things.

Such an engineer's solution. :P

The glaring issue here would be standardization. Either every place uses the same sounds, or you have to learn a new system for each place you visit using this sort of thing. This is also why you couldn't change notes regularly, which would be boring and repetitive for everyone else.

Or at least to navigate a complex multistore building with a lot of repeated elements. I wonder if a videogame could be designed as a soundgame for blind people replacing images by sounds.

Also, a bunch of noise playing whenever you walk through your house sounds like a huge bother.

Blind people don't need to know this things, of course. Don't need anybody, and can navigate everything like champs. On the other way, would really do harm to be able to know this on advance?.

Please don't fall for this patronising attitude that just because you are a tech person, you can invent all sorts of helpful gadgets.

Educate yourself about the disability before giving advice or your great $0.02 ideas. They are always ment in a good way, but tiring for those who are in the know.

Braille Institute of America: Understanding vision loss can be challenging — and scary. It doesn’t have to be. Explore resources about symptoms & conditions, and get connected to ways we can help. https://www.brailleinstitute.org/

American Foundation for The Blind: Since its inception, the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) has served as the leading source of information and research encompassing blindness and low vision in the United States. https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision

Technology Tools for Children with Low Vision: For children who are visually impaired, technology can play a big role in reaching developmental milestones and closing learning gaps. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/technology-ap...

I work as an accessibility engineer so I work with and help people with disabilities every day. Let me know if you need any more resources and I'd be happy to send more.

But I would like to talk on how you (and others) approach this disability. There's a lot of commenters saying things akin to "blind people can lead a perfectly normal life, especially with all this tech!" - and I'm not saying a blind person can't lead a relatively normal life - but that sort of rhetoric can easily be misused to dismiss very real concerns we have, usually by able-bodied people. And it hurts. It makes you feel like you're the one in the wrong for complaining about being blind.

Being disabled in this way is *hard*. Do not pretend otherwise. Do not act like he's being unreasonable or ungrateful if he complains about his lot. Let him vent about it.

(I am not saying every disabled person should feel sorry for themselves all the time at the expense of personal responsibility. Nor am I saying every disabled person always feels this way. Just my own experience and that of many other disabled people I know.)

(I will mirror one piece of advice another commenter gave: make sure he gets involved with the blind community, at least at a young age, so he knows that's an option)

I worry that so much of these “communities” exist as a cope for a shitty lot in life. Deaf community in particular has elements which are very hostile to correcting deafness.

And frankly, if I ended up going blind, don’t be surprised to find me lose the will to keep living if it’s uncorrectable. I wouldn’t blame anyone in this world who’d make that choice.

I mean... that's what they are, in some ways? I don't see how coping is a bad thing?

It’s difficult. Not coping is a recipe for a really bad time. I think people without disabilities are uncomfortable with acknowledging the innate struggles.

I think that being blind makes life not worth living. I’m extremely supportive of MAID and physician assisted suicidal for these exact reasons. “Coping” by telling those who don’t want to be forced into insular communities that they’re betraying their only “family” is disgusting.

It’s the same thinking within aspie communities who like to pretend that Asperger’s isn’t actually debilitating or harmful. It is, and the world would be better off with a cure, not senseless separatism.

I think they're right to not want you around them, you sound odious to them and your ideas are very questionable. Where do you draw the line as there are various degrees of disability. What if you discover that you yourself already have a disability such as lacking empathy for example and while you adapted to your life well someone comes along advocating to terminate pregnancies with your condition?

I would 100% support a mothers right to choose, and if that meant that any one of us did not exist because of it, so much the better. A life not lived is guaranteed harm/suffering that didn't happen. This is consistent with negative utilitarianism, which is a better moral or ethical framework than any other. Also consistent with Jainism, which is the only religion in the world that means it when it preaches non violence (but is down with suicide)

A whole lot of the world believes in reincarnation (~1 billion people), and have advocated for positions similar to this in their extensive bodies of philosophies for millennia. The idea that we are not to help someone on their way to the next, hopefully better life is just as silly sounding to them as it is for me to go to the 1 billion+ abrahamites around the world and tell them that heaven/hell isn't real.

Simply admitting that some conditions make life not really worth living for a lot of people is not worth getting worked up over, especially when it bears out in data that blindness definitely does make people want to choose that option. I can't always blame them: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4624868/

Quoting the abstract

"Mortality was significantly increased in the visually impaired (SMR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.07–1.61), but in gender-stratified analyses the increase only affected males (1.34; 95% CI = 1.06–1.70) and not females (1.24; 95% CI 0.82–1.88)"

Most of the lack of increase in Mortality is explained by women trying and failing to commit suicide far more than men. I'm sure they tried more often too, but this was not explored in the paper.

From https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle... (2024, systemic review/meta analysis):

"The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the association between visual impairment and increased risk of suicidal tendencies. The risk differed by age group, with a pronounced risk observed among adolescents."

It is unpalatable to talk in such a direct way about these things, but like a lawyer who has the benefit of distance away from the problem of a client, I, fortunately am not blind, and this is sometimes a good thing. Insular communities can and often do have bad takes and need the rest of the world to hold them accountable.

I'm in the U.S. and am in a birth to three program. We are seeing a neurologist, optometrist, etc. medically we are trying to do everything that makes sense. I'm just trying to figure out how to navigate this as a parent for my son to ensure he gets what he needs medically and otherwise.

Thanks again for all the input!

The one in Chennai is roughly 40 years old. They should have a "appointment booking" available right there on the landing page. They perform full-on keratoplasty a.k.a Corneal Transplant. But like the other poster said, please consult your pediatrician about other options as You are dealing with a toddler. Best wishes and hugs. wishing you and your wife all the very best.

Does your region have any Blind-run blindness or vision impairment advocacy organisations, big or small? Local groups? Groups/organisations by the blind will be able to recommend all sorts of resources for your family. Online communities for the blind can help suss out which resources or groups are helpful (or harmful!), too.

FWIW, in one of my previous jobs, in a company with 1.5K employees, there was this engineering architect with great insights, deep understanding of the overall architecture, and true impact across the board. I would always follow the slack threads he was contributing to as there was always something to learn in there. It took me by extreme surprise when I learned he was completely blind.

I wish the best to you, your kid, and your family.

Make him also meet with fellow blind children and be part of the community once he's grown to a few years old. With them he'll experience the greatest ease.

Give him toys and tech with audio/haptic feedback and not necessarily ones which look extravagant in appearance.

Best of luck

Having said that, we live in a time where there are lots of treatment options and aids, so I’m sure he’ll be able to have all the experiences non-visually impaired children might have :)

Have you tried looking for a blind community or support group in your area? By asking people physically near you who have experience with the matter you should be able to react and understand better than from a static resource and may develop a direct network you can rely on for support and questions.

But to answer your question more directly, “Far From the Tree: Parents, Children and the Search for Identity” by Andrew Solomon is fantastic and has a section on blindness.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_from_the_Tree

Speaking as a dad of kids with special needs, the goal is independent living with accommodations. What are the accommodations you can provide (cane, dog, Braille mastery) that maximizes the chance of long term independence.

Perkins School for the Blind https://www.perkins.org/

Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impared https://www.tsbvi.edu/

There might be a school closer to you. I would not hesitate to reach out to them… They’ll point you to other groups in your community.

I was unclear: The OP mentions an infant, and schools are for older-than-an-infant aged children. Schools will still be able to direct the OP to other groups and resources though.

If we want disabled people to not be treated as outsiders, then it seems to me that disabled people need to be integrated into as many aspects of society as possible, including school, so that kids have disabled people as peers from as early an age as is practical. If some of us have to suffer the consequences of bullying or unfair treatment, then hopefully that's a temporary state, and the fact that more people have interacted with us from a young age is a step on the road to equality. Of course, the reason I can say that is that my experiences in mainstream schools were mild, in retrospect.

Bullying to anywhere near the same extent as you see in America is so alien to most of the rest of the world. Do you know that nerds have the total opposite reputation in most of the third world compared to America?

Kids in school who are bullying blind kids are sick and deserve the full wrath of their superiors who ought to be catching this.

We should not just accept the idea of our youth being little shits. This is not a clockwork orange, and they are subordinate to us, not the other way around.

You're off base. Sure there is a sort of "natural" instinct to play hierachy games and even for some to bully within all humans, but to imply that this isn't wildly skewed from country to country or culture to culture indicates that you simply haven't been exposed to one of the situations where bullying is cracked down upon.

It's quite rare to see "bullying" in the traditional sense within a lot of south east asia since the teachers are so shitty and strict, often there's an "us vs them" mentality that develops unique amount of camaraderie between students and teachers.

Bullying reasons are also totally different. "Four Eyes" and other stuff against glasses is super duper uncommon, again in Asia since almost literally everyone there now wears glasses. Go to South Korea and you won't be bullied for sitting in front of a computer all the time, but you certainly will for being fat.

But nerds getting shoved in lockers? The entirety of the "Krelboynes" in malcom in the middle? In poor countries, smart kids are seen as a one way ticket out of the hell-hole known as poverty and are often the most popular in their schools.

There's that old study that looked at what kind of parents give their children the best start and success in life, and after some factor analysis, the single most important attribute was "loving". Disability doesn't change that.

You might find Matt Might (of "illustrated guide to a PhD" fame) comforting on the topic of having a disabled child in general: https://matt.might.net/articles/tenure (despite the title this post is not primarily about tenure).

Once in a while I still meet one of the blind kids from the camp (he is 22 now, he was 14 then) and I have to say that he is truly amazing. He echolocates, rides a bike, finished University studying law. went to US, learned English there. Now he wants to know Russia better, so he is going solo on the Transsiberian express. Just to see what it is like.

Best of luck!

https://shop.letsenvision.com/products/glasses-home

    features: Instant Text, Scan Text, Batch Scan, Call an Ally, Call Aira, Describe Scene, Detect Light, Recognise Cash, Detect Colors, Find People, Find Objects, Teach a Face, Ask Envision, Explore and more

One of my friends even came up with a UX that could, if built into smartglasses, someday allow blind people to drive:

https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~brian/projects/rad.html

I feel like it's nice to give people hope

The doctors we worked with have been amazing — he was fitted with glasses (he can see 20/200 with them on!). He had surgery for strabismus and for nystagmus when he was 3.

For whatever specific diagnosis you receive (if you receive one!), there are already a lot of resources for you. Occupational therapists are helpful to help meet milestones and adjust. When our kid got closer to school age, the school helped with therapists to take him on walks with a cane and even did pre-braille. Everything we've done is to foster independence in everything he's capable of doing. They took him to the grocery store with a monocular to help him identify things to buy. They helped find specific sunglasses that blocked out light. They helped with countless other things in his movement and activity that have allowed him to really excel in life.

For broader learning, one good starter resource is the National Federation for the Blind (NFB). They have regular publications that explore different scenarios of what it is like to live every day. Depending on your son's diagnosis this may be helpful, or there may be one more specific for your situation. For albinism there is the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentism (NOAH), which is large and even has a yearly conference!

There are also countless Facebook groups and Reddit, which can be helpful to remediate daily issues, but also to get a really comfortable feeling for people who have grown up with blindness and what their lives are like.

My son is now 10 and for the most part, he's not really defined by his disability. He knows it's a key part of who he is, but he has figured out what works for him. He has to wear tons of sunscreen outside and cannot remove his sunglasses on a sunny day. He uses his cane sometimes, and decided not to learn braille. He sits at the front of his classes and sometimes needs something in larger print. He reads a ton, excels in school, and makes friends just like any other kid. He's really a joy to be around, and all the work that he put in when he was younger was absolutely worth it.

https://youtu.be/WHYCs8xtzUI

The gist seems to be that mainstream culture discouraged blind children from interacting this way and contributed to their disability, the ability of the human mind to figure things out is incredible and I would consider this a compelling approach if it looks feasible.

If he is only partly blind there may also be ways to make sure that visual brain development is supported

My best friend's kid has some neurological thing that stumped his ability to control his left half of his body. Without therapy, this results in muscle atrophy from lack of use.

My friend very bummed out about it. But I told him not to worry [1]. Specifically, with the right therapy and proper attention from the parents, the kid was going to end up being the toughest of the three boys.

Long and behold that kid is eight, trying out for soccer for the nine year olds and my buddy told me that the kid is the toughest of three.

Lesson: you cant make the disability go away, but if you have the right support they can help mold you into someone better.

My kid is allergic to everything (including contact anaphalaxis). His diet is very specific.

I wield the threat of the ADA as a bludgeon against anyone who tries to exclude him by not being reasonably accommodating. Out if fear, my wife considered pulling him out of day care [1], but I refused. First we couldn't afford being on one income, second he needed peers and was turning two.

He's doing very well in day care. He's a social and charming little bugger. We worked out that he cannot have lunch with the other kids and he is aware.

Once a month my wife makes lunch for the whole class. Then he can sit w/ everyone and he comes back with a big smile ranting about how he sat next to his buddy or girlfriend.

He's only three but he's starting to understand that he has a personal challenge he has to manage and start taking responsibly (i.e. the day he stole a cheese puff he ended up vomiting and in the ER)

Lesson: always go for bat for the kid. Never accept that he's unreasonably excluded or accommodated. Don't be afraid. we've probably put in 100 hours of time just on accommodation for him thus far (last year and a half).

Lastly, we know a family that has twin, teenaged, severely autistic, boys. No matter how bad it gets, I always remember that I have it easy.

[1] Both my wife and friend are the real stoics roll with life's blows types. Im not at all stoic, but I learned a bit from them. I was only reminding them what they already knew. Difficulties can be opportunities to grow.

One person to follow online may be: Josh Miele

You sound like a supportive parent, and I'm sure your son is lucky to have you in his camp. Good luck.

1. Be the polar opposite of a helicopter parent. A lot of blind people end up extremely incapable as adults, because their parents were too afraid to let them learn anything that might have possibly been somewhat dangerous. Sighted kids can recover from this by watching how others do things, or, in the worst case, watching some tutorials on Youtube, we don't have that luxury. Beware of the sighted specialists that encourage these protectionist attitudes, which we unfortunately have plenty of.

This stuff is genuinely hard, my parents actually tried pushing me to learn, but I never really had a motivation to do so, so I mostly didn't, and then had to deal with the consequences later. I figured it out and basically ended up fine, but many in my situation would probably have been stuck at home forever.

If you can find a way to teach your kid good white-cane skills without making them miserable, they'll be grateful to you forever.

2. Most blind people eventually end up unemployed, because there aren't that many blind-friendly jobs to go around. The best chance of getting a well-paying job is being somewhat good at tech, and trust me, blind people need to be a lot better at tech than the sighted to use it effectively. You can't just pick up a smartphone or computer and "wing it", you need to actually learn how a screen reader works. Then there's the inaccessible software to deal with, and to do that, you need to understand all the weird features that your screen reader can offer. It's a good idea for parents to encourage tech use. Mine were extremely hands-off about the internet and what I did on it, and I genuinely believe that it's the single best decision affecting my life that they've ever made.

Keep in mind that, to a blind person, a smartphone is not "just" a smartphone, it's also a way to communicate with other blind people around the country / world (and there are few enough of us that just meeting your friends in-person isn't often an option). Not to mention the apps for reading books (which are important because many books never get released in Braille), detecting colors, describing things, reading text on paper documents / labels, interacting with kitchen appliances that otherwise wouldn't be accessible, checking train/bus schedules that you wouldn't otherwise be able to see and so on. With that said, a phone definitely does not replace a white cane, and probably never will.

3. Avoid blind schools for as long as you possibly can, preferably forever. Go mainstream if you have the option. No idea what country you live in, but the idea applies in most places.

4. Encourage forming friendships with sighted people. Make them aware of the blind community, definitely, but don't let them get stuck there. This is hard, far, far harder than it would be with a sighted kid, but it should be a priority, and you should do everything within your power to make this possible.

This part:

    > If you can find a way to teach your kid good white-cane skills without making them miserable, they'll be grateful to you forever.

Last: A question for myself. Sometimes, when I ride the subway, I see a blind person trying to navigate the station, platform, and train doors. Usually, I hang back a few meters to make sure they are OK. If something goes wrong -- they are a bit misoriented, what is an polite way to break the ice and offer help? (Ignore any language barriers.) I would like to hear what works well for you.

Maybe a couple of other pieces of advice might be: 1) don't touch them without saying something first (this can be very startling) and 2) don't be patronizing about it

re: subway, ask whether they need any help, don't be offended if they say no. Don't grab them. Even if you think they're doing something wrong, they may have a very good reason for doing things the way they're doing them.

They're asking for support and advice from their community.

His daughter was able to hear instructions like “go get your socks” but since she was two and not talking, they leapt to the conclusion that it was probably hearing related.

Three years later, I still make fun of him for it but at the time I tried to keep a straight face.

Ironically, he’s a medical doctor himself.

This is a great point. There were several instances when either me or my wife (or both of us) thought something was wrong with our baby, until we consulted with our pediatrician, who would laugh and then calmly explain why we were jumping the gun. Haha.

Not easily, I imagine is the answer. Still important stuff to keep in mind.

I think what's most important is that you love and your respect your child, even while protecting him. That means listening to him when he expresses his feelings about how you do what you do. If you do that, and are able to back off when necessary, they'll probably be okay.

(My mother was on the low end of the "overprotective spectrum." As a kid this bugged me, especially with interactions with other people. As an adult, I appreciate what she was trying to do, even if she was a bit overzealous at times.)

How do you know? If you ask yourself, is this perhaps too much? The answer is almost always "yes".

My only advice to you would be to make sure you take him to multiple ophthalmologists before accepting such a diagnosis—get at least a second and third opinion. Actually, I’m begging you to do that, because even if there’s a problem, it could be treatable.

Other than that, I have no specific advice I can offer here, but my wife and I are going to pray for your family. We wish you strength!

As I’m sure you’ve gathered by this point, a kid is a lot of work. A kid with additional support needs is a lot of work. I’m not just talking about physical labour, but emotional labour. It is hard to watch other kids develop “normally” and see your own struggling, through no fault of their or your own.

I strongly, strongly recommend that you seek therapy to talk this through with someone who knows the territory.

Help yourselves, it will help him more than you can know. You will also find that a good therapist with the right specialisation will be able to give you much, much better advice than us internet hobos.

Good luck.