苏格兰北部,新石器时代从未结束。
In Northern Scotland, the Neolithic Age Never Ended

原始链接: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2025/12/01/in-northern-scotland-the-neolithic-age-never-ended

最近在奥克尼的布罗德加尔遗址进行的考古工作,挑战了人们对新石器时代建筑追求永久性的假设。考古学家尼克·埃德蒙兹认为,像布罗德加尔这样的遗址是“表演性空间”——通过增加和移除石头不断演变,反映的是创造的*过程*,而非持久的稳定性。 证据表明,这些建筑并非总是深 foundation,并且会经历重建和最终的 deliberate “退役”仪式,例如在公元前 2400 年左右用大规模的牛祭祀封印 10 号建筑。即使是像 27 号建筑这样更稳定的结构,也显示出灰烬、骨骼和腐烂陶器的层层堆积,证明了使用和废弃的循环。 随着发掘的结束和遗址回归农田,人们的关注点转移到想象新石器时代生活的动态和短暂性上。持久的斯滕尼斯石阵,虽然看似永恒,现在被视为连接生者和死者的 portal,突出了个体存在于漫长时光背景下的短暂性。

这个黑客新闻的讨论始于一篇《纽约客》文章的链接,该文章暗示新石器时代文化在苏格兰北部仍然存在。最初的评论以一种俏皮的方式对此提出了异议,理由是石器时代没有油炸火星巧克力棒。 这引发了一场关于油炸火星巧克力棒的起源和供应情况的争论,一位评论员声称它们是英国发明的,尽管有证据表明它们起源于苏格兰。其他人分享了个人经历——一些苏格兰人从未在当地看到它们出售,而另一些人则确认它们的存在,甚至声称阿伯丁郡的一家商店发明了它们。 对话范围扩大到包括对苏格兰身份和历史的反思。一位用户回忆起奥克尼诗人乔治·麦凯·布朗唤起的那种强大的历史深度感,并强调了斯卡拉布雷建造者的先进建筑理解。最后的交流涉及苏格兰最近的变化。
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原文

“The natural assumption with a place like Brodgar is that it was made to last,” Edmonds went on. “If stones are missing from the circle, it must be because of later interference. In fact, chances are that a lot of stones actually came down in the Neolithic. Some have solid foundations, but others aren’t set very deep. If you were concerned about long-term stability, you wouldn’t have done it that way. Which tells us that a place like Brodgar is really a performative space. The making of it is what counts. New stones are added, others are taken away. There’s a fluidity to it all. That’s what we can never see but have to try to imagine.”

I followed Edmonds down to the Ness, where the past was going back underground. An earthmover operator was filling in the excavation trenches and restoring Brodgar Farm to its former state. Structure 10, an imposing ceremonial building that I had earlier toured with Nick Card, was no longer visible.

“The question of permanence comes up here, too,” Edmonds said. “After a couple of generations, Structure 10 was suffering from subsidence and had to be partly rebuilt. Over time, it fell out of use. Finally, around 2400 B.C., it was sealed up in a huge ceremony that involved that massive slaughter of cattle.” Such “decommissioning” festivals were common in the Neolithic: they involved the razing of roofs, the trampling of pottery, the breaking of gneiss mace heads. Now, in an epochal recurrence that would have pleased George Mackay Brown, Structure 10 had been sealed up again.

The last redoubt was the masterly Structure 27. After greeting Card and Tam at Dig H.Q., Edmonds headed there to take some final soil samples. “Architecture with a capital ‘A,’ ” he said, as if still surprised by the sight. Less subsidence had occurred here. The megalithic slabs that anchor the building differ in level by only a few centimetres.

“The orange-looking earth is ash from peat fires,” Edmonds said, scraping at the trench wall with a trowel. “There’s a layer of burnt bone. That’s a big slab of pottery, which is decaying back into clay, leaving dark bits of igneous stone that were used for the temper of the ceramic.”

Becky Little, an artist who leads classes in traditional methods of working with clay, was visiting the Ness that day, and she came over to say hello. “We’re in our final days here,” Edmonds told her. “By the middle of next week, it will all be gone.” Little climbed into a trench and bent over a vertical stone that was incised with a web of typically Orcadian geometric patterns. “I hadn’t seen that when I was here before,” Little said.

“The light’s just perfect for it now,” Edmonds replied. Orkney was having one of its rapt pastoral hours, the afternoon sun fashioning a world of pure green and blue.

I stopped one last time at the Stones of Stenness, which have dwelled in my memory since I was seventeen. Despite the deluge of new data, the megaliths had given up none of their obdurate strangeness. They may not have been intended to last millennia, but, now that they have, they are stone doors through which the living try to touch the dead. I had the sense that my own life had been a couple of shadows flickering across the rock. Preoccupied with thoughts of time and death, and also worried about missing the ferry, I got into my car and disappeared. ♦

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