卢克·霍华德的《云的形态变化》 (1865)
Luke Howard’s essay on the modification of clouds (1865)

原始链接: https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/essay-on-the-modification-of-clouds/

最初时,对云进行分类的项目可能显得有些缺乏新意,即便是有用。但对卢克·霍华德(1772-1864)来说并非如此,他以工业化学家的身份为业,以业余气象学家的热情为使命,他的1803年论文《云的形态变异》记录了他毕生致力于观测天空的热忱成果。长期以来,人们认为无法从不断变化的云层中推断出明确的类型。但基于他从十岁起就开始记录的日记,霍华德成为了第一个系统地命名标准云层的人。我们今天仍然使用他选择的拉丁名称:卷云(来自拉丁语“一缕头发”),积云(“凸起或圆锥状堆积”),层云(“水平片层”),以及雨云(降雨云)。这项工作不仅是气象学上的突破,还产生了充满风的风景水彩画册,并启发了一代风景画家。多年后,霍华德获得了意想不到的荣誉,被歌德在一首诗中提及。

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原文

At first light, the project of classifying the clouds might seem a bit uninspired, if useful. Not so for Luke Howard (1772–1864), industrial chemist by trade and amateur meteorologist by calling, whose 1803 Essay on the Modification of Clouds records the fruits of a fervent, lifelong dedication to skygazing. It was long thought impossible to infer clear types from the constantly shifting skies. But based on the journals he’d kept since the age of ten, Howard became the first to name standard cloud formations systematically. We still use the Latin names he chose today: cirrus (from the Latin for a wisp of hair), cumulus (“convex or conical heaps”), stratus (a “horizontal sheet”), and nimbus (the rain cloud). The project was not only a meteorological breakthrough, but yielded sketchbooks filled with wind-swept watercolors and inspired a new generation of landscape painters. Years later, Howard earned the surprising distinction of being named in a poem by Goethe.

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