This work was supported in part by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under grants CNS-2304720, CNS-2310322, CNS-2309550, and CNS-2309477. It was also supported in part by the Commonwealth Cyber Initiative (CCI). The authors extend their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers and shepherd for their invaluable feedback and suggestions. We also acknowledge Google Earth for the map tiles used in our figures.

In addition, we appreciate the help from the Apple Security Team for their prompt responses and acknowledgement. Apple recently released patches in iOS 18.2, visionOS 2.2, iPadOS 17.7.3, 18.2, watchOS 11.2, tvOS 18.2, macOS Ventura 13.7.2, Sonoma 14.7.2, Sequoia 15.2 to fix the vulnerability. However, the attack remains effective as long as unpatched iPhones or Apple Watches are in the proximity of the computer running our trojan.